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Questions and Answers
What are the components of a nucleotide?
What are the components of a nucleotide?
DNA is a single-stranded molecule.
DNA is a single-stranded molecule.
False
What are the four kinds of nitrogen bases found in DNA?
What are the four kinds of nitrogen bases found in DNA?
Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
DNA's structure includes a double-helix formed by ______ base pairing.
DNA's structure includes a double-helix formed by ______ base pairing.
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Match the nitrogen bases with their corresponding pairs:
Match the nitrogen bases with their corresponding pairs:
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How many hydrogen bonds form between thymine and adenine?
How many hydrogen bonds form between thymine and adenine?
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The DNA strands run parallel to each other.
The DNA strands run parallel to each other.
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What is the charge of histones that help package DNA?
What is the charge of histones that help package DNA?
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DNA is made of long chains of ______.
DNA is made of long chains of ______.
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How many base pairs make up one turn of the DNA helix?
How many base pairs make up one turn of the DNA helix?
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What is the primary flow of genetic information as described by the Central Dogma of Biology?
What is the primary flow of genetic information as described by the Central Dogma of Biology?
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The lagging strand in DNA replication is synthesized continuously.
The lagging strand in DNA replication is synthesized continuously.
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How many cells are estimated to be in the human body?
How many cells are estimated to be in the human body?
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The _____ binds to DNA and relieves torsional stress during DNA replication.
The _____ binds to DNA and relieves torsional stress during DNA replication.
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What is the role of DNA helicases in DNA replication?
What is the role of DNA helicases in DNA replication?
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Each replication bubble formed during DNA replication contains a single replication fork.
Each replication bubble formed during DNA replication contains a single replication fork.
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What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication?
What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication?
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The synthesis of a new DNA strand occurs in the _____ direction.
The synthesis of a new DNA strand occurs in the _____ direction.
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Match the following terms with their roles in DNA replication:
Match the following terms with their roles in DNA replication:
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What does a eukaryotic chromosome contain in terms of replication origins?
What does a eukaryotic chromosome contain in terms of replication origins?
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Study Notes
DNA Structure & Function
- DNA is a nucleic acid, specifically deoxyribonucleic acid
- Composed of long chains (polymers) of nucleotides
- Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar group, and a nitrogen-containing base
- DNA has four types of bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)
- A and G are purines; C and T are pyrimidines
- DNA is a double-stranded helix (like a spiral staircase)
- The two strands are antiparallel, running in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')
- Bases pair up: A with T (2 hydrogen bonds); C with G (3 hydrogen bonds)
- One turn of the DNA helix occurs every 10 base pairs
- Negatively charged phosphate groups face outward
- Complementary base pairing (Watson-Crick model) is essential for DNA replication and function
DNA Replication
- Replication begins at specific sites called origins of replication
- A replication bubble forms, with two replication forks extending outwards
- Eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple origins of replication; prokaryotic chromosomes typically have only one
- DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand
- DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction
- RNA primase adds a short RNA primer to initiate DNA synthesis
- DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides
- DNA ligase joins the fragments of the lagging strand (Okazaki fragments)
- Important proteins for replication include: DNA helicases, single-stranded DNA binding proteins, RNA primase, DNA polymerase I & III, and DNA ligase
Proteins for DNA Replication
- DNA helicases unwind the DNA double helix
- Single-strand binding proteins prevent the separated strands from reannealing
- RNA primase synthesizes short RNA primers
- DNA polymerase III extends the new DNA strand from the primer
- DNA polymerase I replaces RNA primers with DNA
- DNA ligase seals the gaps between Okazaki fragments
Central Dogma of Biology
- Describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins
- DNA replicates to pass on genetic information
- Transcription converts DNA to RNA within the nucleus
- Translation converts RNA to protein in the cytoplasm
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of DNA. This quiz covers the components of DNA, including its nucleotides, double-helix configuration, and base pairing rules. Dive into the specifics of DNA replication and understand the foundational concepts in molecular biology.
