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Questions and Answers
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines in the primary structure of DNA?
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines in the primary structure of DNA?
What type of sugar is present in the primary structure of DNA?
What type of sugar is present in the primary structure of DNA?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a deoxyribonucleotide?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a deoxyribonucleotide?
In the primary structure of DNA, what is the role of deoxyribonucleotides?
In the primary structure of DNA, what is the role of deoxyribonucleotides?
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Which two bases pair together in the structure of DNA through hydrogen bonding?
Which two bases pair together in the structure of DNA through hydrogen bonding?
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Which of the following nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
Which of the following nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
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What distinguishes ribose from deoxyribose in nucleotides?
What distinguishes ribose from deoxyribose in nucleotides?
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What are the components of a nucleotide?
What are the components of a nucleotide?
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Which of the following accurately defines a nucleoside?
Which of the following accurately defines a nucleoside?
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Which type of nitrogenous base is NOT found in DNA?
Which type of nitrogenous base is NOT found in DNA?
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Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?
Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?
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What is the role of nucleotides with di- and triphosphates?
What is the role of nucleotides with di- and triphosphates?
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Which of the following correctly outlines a function of DNA?
Which of the following correctly outlines a function of DNA?
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What constitutes the primary structure of DNA?
What constitutes the primary structure of DNA?
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Which bond is formed to connect a phosphate group to a nucleoside in a nucleotide?
Which bond is formed to connect a phosphate group to a nucleoside in a nucleotide?
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What term describes the entire DNA content of a cell?
What term describes the entire DNA content of a cell?
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How many orders of DNA structure are specifically mentioned?
How many orders of DNA structure are specifically mentioned?
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What is the secondary structure of DNA?
What is the secondary structure of DNA?
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What does the 5' end of a nucleic acid strand contain?
What does the 5' end of a nucleic acid strand contain?
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In which direction is the base sequence of a nucleic acid strand typically written?
In which direction is the base sequence of a nucleic acid strand typically written?
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Which type of bond is responsible for linking nucleotides in a nucleic acid strand?
Which type of bond is responsible for linking nucleotides in a nucleic acid strand?
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What is present at the 3' end of a nucleic acid strand?
What is present at the 3' end of a nucleic acid strand?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of nucleic acid strands?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nucleic acid strands?
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How are nucleotides structured within a nucleic acid strand?
How are nucleotides structured within a nucleic acid strand?
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What type of nucleic acid forms base pairs with thymine?
What type of nucleic acid forms base pairs with thymine?
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Which option correctly describes the orientation of a nucleic acid strand?
Which option correctly describes the orientation of a nucleic acid strand?
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What bond is formed between the hydroxyl group of C3 of a nucleotide and H3PO4 attached to C5 of the pentose of the next nucleotide?
What bond is formed between the hydroxyl group of C3 of a nucleotide and H3PO4 attached to C5 of the pentose of the next nucleotide?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of DNA?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of DNA?
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According to Chargaff's rules, which of the following statements is accurate?
According to Chargaff's rules, which of the following statements is accurate?
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What is the primary function of the major grooves in DNA?
What is the primary function of the major grooves in DNA?
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What occurs during DNA denaturation?
What occurs during DNA denaturation?
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What is the approximate width of a DNA double helix?
What is the approximate width of a DNA double helix?
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How many base pairs are present in each complete turn of the DNA double helix?
How many base pairs are present in each complete turn of the DNA double helix?
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What is the role of the minor grooves in DNA?
What is the role of the minor grooves in DNA?
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What occurs during the annealing process of DNA?
What occurs during the annealing process of DNA?
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Which of the following proteins are primarily responsible for the stabilization of chromatin structure?
Which of the following proteins are primarily responsible for the stabilization of chromatin structure?
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What is the basic packaging unit of chromatin?
What is the basic packaging unit of chromatin?
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Which type of amino acids predominantly make up histones?
Which type of amino acids predominantly make up histones?
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What is the result of the condensation of DNA by histones?
What is the result of the condensation of DNA by histones?
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How does DNA interact with histones?
How does DNA interact with histones?
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Which of the following statements about nucleosomes is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about nucleosomes is incorrect?
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Which of the following proteins is not classified as a histone?
Which of the following proteins is not classified as a histone?
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Study Notes
DNA Structure and Types
- DNA is a crucial molecule in all cells, playing a vital role in storing and transmitting genetic information.
- It's present in the cell's nucleus and also in mitochondria.
- DNA is a double-stranded helix, formed by millions of nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
- Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.
Nitrogenous Bases
- Purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) - found in both DNA and RNA.
- Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C) - found in both DNA and RNA; Thymine (T) - usually found only in DNA; Uracil (U) - usually found only in RNA.
Pentose Sugar
- Ribose is the sugar in RNA.
- Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA (lacks an oxygen atom at position 2).
Nucleosides
- Formed by covalently linking a nitrogenous base to the number 1 carbon of a sugar.
Nucleotides
- Nucleotides are formed when one or more phosphate groups are attached to the 5' carbon of the nucleoside.
- The attachment of C1 of the pentose sugar to the N1 of pyrimidine or N9 of purine forms nucleosides.
Primary Structure of DNA
- The linear sequence of deoxyribonucleotides (dAMP, dGMP, dTMP, dCMP).
- The nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine (purines and pyrimidines).
- Deoxyribose is the sugar.
- Each strand's polarity is 5' to 3'.
Secondary Structure of DNA
- DNA exists as a double-stranded molecule, where the two strands are complementary and antiparallel.
- The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.
- Adenine pairs with thymine (2 hydrogen bonds); guanine pairs with cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds).
- The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine; the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine (Chargaff's rules).
- The sugar-phosphate linkages form the backbone of the DNA molecule, and the bases are oriented towards the inside.
Tertiary Structure of DNA – Chromatin Structure
- Chromatin is the structure in which DNA exists within cells (eukaryotes).
- Chromatin is associated with DNA-binding proteins, including histones and nonhistones.
Histones
- Major class of DNA-binding proteins.
- Rich in basic amino acids (lysine and arginine), which provide a positive charge to the protein and interact with the negatively charged DNA phosphate group.
- Five types: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
Nucleosomes
- The basic packaging unit of chromatin.
- Formed by DNA wrapped around a histone octamer core (composed of two each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4).
Higher Orders of DNA Structure
- The nucleosomes are then supercoiled to create higher order structures – chromatin filaments (30 nm), 300 nm fibrils, 700 nm fibrils, and 1400 nm chromosome.
- DNA is condensed to fit into a smaller space.
DNA Denaturation
- The process of separating the two strands of a DNA molecule by unwinding due to hydrogen bond breakage.
- Occurs when the DNA solution is heated above a certain temperature (melting temperature, Tm). 50% of DNA is half-denatured.
DNA Functions
- Carries and transfers genetic information between generations.
- Makes copies of itself (replication) and transfers the copies to daughter cells during mitosis.
- Creates RNA molecules (transcription) needed for protein synthesis (translation).
Genome
- The entire DNA content of a cell.
Genes
- Specific areas along the genome that perform a particular function. Often encoding for a specific protein.
Types of DNA
- Double-stranded linear: Eukaryotic nuclear chromosome.
- Double-stranded circular: Mitochondrial, bacterial chromosome, plasmids, and viral.
- Single-stranded circular: small viruses.
Mitochondrial DNA
- Circular double-stranded DNA (~16 kb).
- Codes for a few genes (enzymes involved in energy production/respiratory chain).
- Inherited maternally.
- Diseases like MELAS (myopathy, etc.) can arise from mitochondrial DNA deficiencies.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of DNA structure, types of nucleic acids, and the components of nucleotides. Understand the significance of nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and the formation of nucleosides. Test your knowledge on the molecular basis of genetic information.