DNA Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What structure holds DNA in a coiled state within the nucleus of a cell?

  • Ribosomes
  • Chromatin fibers
  • Histones (correct)
  • Nucleosomes

    • What is the average number of nucleotides in a human gene?

  • 10,000-15,000 (correct)
  • 15,000-20,000
  • 1,000-5,000
  • 5,000-10,000

    • How many bases are present in human DNA in haploid form?

  • 4 billion
  • 3 billion (correct)
  • 1 billion
  • 2 billion

    • Which process allows cells to replicate DNA with almost perfect precision?

    <p>Replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows DNA to encode the information required to build an entire organism?

    <p>Nucleotide sequence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defines a totipotent cell?

    <p>It is capable of developing into a complete organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Gurdon's experiment in 1962?

    <p>It showed that transplanted nuclei could develop into whole organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the genome is similar between humans and chimpanzees?

    <p>96% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes SNPs?

    <p>They are single nucleotide polymorphisms present in the genome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do microsatellites play in genetic variation?

    <p>They provide markers for distinguishing between individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) account for variation between two humans?

    <p>3.5 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a microsatellite?

    <p>Short DNA sequences that vary in repeat units. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is used to analyze whole genomes in modern science?

    <p>Whole Genome Sequencing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of base pairs present in the diploid human genome?

    <p>6 billion base pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the lack of correlation between the amount of DNA in a haploid genome and the complexity of an organism?

    <p>C-value paradox (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about DNA replication is true?

    <p>Cells replicate their DNA with high precision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pluripotent cells in plants?

    <p>They can differentiate into several cell types. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who announced the sequencing of the human genome in June 2000?

    <p>Bill Clinton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cost of sequencing a genome has decreased to approximately what range?

    <p>100 to 200 Euros (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does haploid mean in the context of the human genome?

    <p>Half the total number of chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the human genome consist of in terms of chromosome pairs?

    <p>22 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Human Genome

    The complete set of genetic material (DNA) in a human cell, including 22 autosomal pairs and two sex chromosomes.

    Haploid Genome

    Half the genetic material in a cell; containing a single set of chromosomes.

    Diploid Genome

    A complete set of chromosomes, containing two copies of each chromosome.

    C-value Paradox

    The observation that the amount of DNA in an organism's genome (haploid) does not always correlate with its complexity.

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    DNA Replication

    The process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions.

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    Pluripotent Cells

    Stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into various types of specialized cells.

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    Sequencing Genomes

    Determining the order of DNA bases (A, T, C, G) in a genome.

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    Cost of Genome Sequencing

    The price of sequencing an entire genome has significantly decreased in recent times.

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    Totipotent cells

    Cells capable of developing into any cell type or a complete organism

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    Cellular differentiation

    Process where cells become specialized with specific functions

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    Genome sequencing

    Determines the order of DNA bases in a genome

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    Cloning

    Creating identical copies of an organism or cell

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    SNP

    Single nucleotide polymorphism; a single base pair change in DNA

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    Microsatellite

    Short, repeated DNA sequences.

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    Genetic variation

    Difference in DNA sequences between individuals

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    Genetic markers

    Identifiable sections of DNA to study traits or individuals

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    Nucleotides

    The building blocks of DNA.

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    Histones

    Proteins that package and organize DNA in the cell nucleus.

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    Study Notes

    DNA Structure and Function

    • DNA is a double helix, twisted into a spiral shape
    • The structure of DNA is like a ladder, with the "sugar-chain" backbone forming the sides and the complementary base pairs forming the rungs
    • DNA consists of nucleotides, each of which contains a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine)
    • Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine. This is known as complementary base pairing.
    • The sequence of these bases carries the genetic information.
    • The average human gene contains 10,000-15,000 nucleotides.
    • DNA is very long and needs to coil and fold to fit into the cell's nucleus.
    • Histones, proteins, hold DNA in its coiled state
    • DNA codes for proteins, which build cells and tissues

    DNA Replication

    • Original DNA molecule uncoils and separates
    • Free nucleotides move into place
    • New bases join with old DNA bases
    • Two new identical strands are formed

    Eukaryotic DNA

    • Eukaryotic DNA is organized into chromosomes
    • DNA is tightly wound around histones
    • DNA unwinds from histones for transcription (making mRNA from DNA)

    DNA Discovery

    • James Watson and Francis Crick, along with Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
    • DNA was twisted into a spiral shape known as a double helix

    Genome Size Variation

    • Genomes vary in size and complexity across different organisms

    C-value paradox

    • The amount of DNA in a genome (C value) does not strongly correlate to the complexity of an organism

    Genetic Markers and Variation

    • Genetic variation is observed through genetic markers

    Microsatellites

    • Microsatellites are simple sequence repeats (SSRs) which are di-, tri-, tetra-, or pentanucleotides (short repeating sequences of DNA)
    • The number of repeats varies between individuals
    • These variations can be used to tell individuals, populations, and species apart
    • Useful for tests like paternity testing

    Cloning and other Applications

    • Cloning plants, and other animals
    • Cells can contain the direction to form a whole organism
    • Pluripotent cells are capable of giving rise to many different cell types.
    • Totipotent cells are capable of giving rise to any cell type or a complete organism.
    • Modern whole genome sequencing is routinely done for a wide diversity of organisms.
    • Despite diverging ~7 million years ago, humans and chimpanzees share 96% of their genomes
    • Most of the human genome is not protein-coding but has functional elements.

    Other Information

    • The cost of sequencing genomes has significantly decreased over time.
    • Components of the Human Genome include (but are not limited to) introns, LTR retrotransposons, DNA transposons, simple sequence repeats, segmental duplications, miscellaneous heterochromatin, miscellaneous unique sequences.
    • The slides include diagrams, images, and questions, but no specific medical or paternity cases are mentioned.
    • Covalent bonds keep carbon and oxygen together in the carbon dioxide molecule.
    • Ray-finned fishes are the most abundant and diverse vertebrate group.
    • Photosynthesis is not a characteristic of all life.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of DNA structure and function, including its double helix formation, nucleotide composition, and the process of DNA replication. Test your knowledge on how genetic information is encoded and the role of histones in DNA organization.

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