Podcast
Questions and Answers
How do the two strands of DNA within the double helix align with each other?
How do the two strands of DNA within the double helix align with each other?
- Parallel, with both strands running in the 3' to 5' direction.
- Antiparallel, with one strand running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'. (correct)
- Aligned in the same direction but attached via covalent bonds.
- Parallel, with both strands running in the 5' to 3' direction.
What type of bond holds the sugar-phosphate backbone of a single DNA strand together?
What type of bond holds the sugar-phosphate backbone of a single DNA strand together?
- Phosphodiester bond (correct)
- Ionic bond
- Hydrogen bond
- Hydrophobic interaction
If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence 5'-GATTACA-3', what is the sequence of the complementary strand?
If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence 5'-GATTACA-3', what is the sequence of the complementary strand?
- 5'-CTAAACT-3'
- 5'-GATTACA-3'
- 5'-CGUUACG-3'
- 5'-TGTAATC-3' (correct)
Why is it important that a purine always pairs with a pyrimidine in the DNA double helix?
Why is it important that a purine always pairs with a pyrimidine in the DNA double helix?
What gives DNA its overall negative charge?
What gives DNA its overall negative charge?
How many hydrogen bonds are formed between the DNA sequence TACG and its complement?
How many hydrogen bonds are formed between the DNA sequence TACG and its complement?
During DNA packaging, what is the name given to the combination of DNA and histone proteins?
During DNA packaging, what is the name given to the combination of DNA and histone proteins?
Which carbon in the deoxyribose sugar of DNA is the nitrogenous base attached to?
Which carbon in the deoxyribose sugar of DNA is the nitrogenous base attached to?
What is the primary role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?
What is the primary role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?
What is the correct order of DNA packaging, from the smallest to the largest structure?
What is the correct order of DNA packaging, from the smallest to the largest structure?
Flashcards
What are Nucleotides?
What are Nucleotides?
Monomers of DNA composed of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, G, T, C).
What is the Sugar-Phosphate Backbone?
What is the Sugar-Phosphate Backbone?
A directional backbone formed by covalent bonds between sugar and phosphate groups in a DNA strand.
What is Base Pairing?
What is Base Pairing?
The principle that adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) in DNA.
What does Antiparallel mean in DNA context?
What does Antiparallel mean in DNA context?
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What are Histones?
What are Histones?
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What is Chromatin?
What is Chromatin?
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What is a Genome?
What is a Genome?
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What is the Double Helix?
What is the Double Helix?
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Study Notes
- The monomer of DNA is called a nucleotide
- Nucleotides are composed of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases
- The 4 nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine
- The carbons of the deoxyribose sugar are labeled 1' through 5'
- The nitrogenous base attaches to the 1' carbon of the deoxyribose sugar
Single Stranded DNA Polymer
- A single strand of DNA is a polymer consisting of a sugar-phosphate backbone held together by covalent phosphodiester bonds
- Each strand has a direction, with a 5' end (ending with a phosphate) and a 3' end (ending with an OH)
- The sequence of bases (A, C, T, G) contains the genetic information
Double Stranded DNA Polymer
- Bases pair with their complements: Adenine (A) with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C)
- A purine always pairs with a pyrimidine ensuring consistent double-strand width
- Hydrogen bonds hold the paired strands together (2 for A-T, 3 for G-C)
- The two strands are antiparallel, running in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')
3D Structure - Double Helix
- The sugar-phosphate backbones twist around each other forming a double helix
- Negatively charged phosphates are on the outside, giving DNA an overall negative charge
- Paired bases are protected on the inside of the helix
- Two complementary strands are held together by hydrogen bonds
DNA Superstructure
- DNA coils around proteins called histones
- Histones and DNA form chromatin fibers
- Chromatin strands condense to form chromosomes
- Together, all of the chromosomes form the genome
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