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Questions and Answers
A DNA molecule is made of a backbone consisting of deoxyriboses and ______ groups.
A DNA molecule is made of a backbone consisting of deoxyriboses and ______ groups.
phosphate
The four bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and ______.
The four bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and ______.
cytosine
A and G are classified as ______ due to their double-ring structures.
A and G are classified as ______ due to their double-ring structures.
purines
Thymine and cytosine are classified as ______ because they have single-ring structures.
Thymine and cytosine are classified as ______ because they have single-ring structures.
Each DNA nucleotide is referred to as a ______ triphosphate.
Each DNA nucleotide is referred to as a ______ triphosphate.
Adenine is denoted by the abbreviation ______.
Adenine is denoted by the abbreviation ______.
A DNA molecule consisting of 'n' nucleotides can have ______ possible arrangements.
A DNA molecule consisting of 'n' nucleotides can have ______ possible arrangements.
The specific arrangement of nucleotides in a DNA molecule is known as the ______ sequence.
The specific arrangement of nucleotides in a DNA molecule is known as the ______ sequence.
Base pairing occurs between A and ______, and between G and C.
Base pairing occurs between A and ______, and between G and C.
There are ______ hydrogen bonds in a GC pair.
There are ______ hydrogen bonds in a GC pair.
______ pairs are less tightly bound than GC pairs.
______ pairs are less tightly bound than GC pairs.
The two strands in a DNA molecule are complementary to one another, meaning they ______ with each other.
The two strands in a DNA molecule are complementary to one another, meaning they ______ with each other.
A DNA molecule exists as a ______-stranded molecule.
A DNA molecule exists as a ______-stranded molecule.
The nucleotides of one strand base pair with the nucleotides of the ______ strand.
The nucleotides of one strand base pair with the nucleotides of the ______ strand.
Hydrogen bonds form as a result of electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom and two ______ atoms.
Hydrogen bonds form as a result of electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom and two ______ atoms.
If the bases in one strand are known, the alignment of the bases in the complementary strand can be ______.
If the bases in one strand are known, the alignment of the bases in the complementary strand can be ______.
The two strands in a DNA molecule are ______.
The two strands in a DNA molecule are ______.
A DNA sequence is always read in a ______ to ______ direction.
A DNA sequence is always read in a ______ to ______ direction.
One strand of a DNA molecule goes from ______ to ______ in one direction.
One strand of a DNA molecule goes from ______ to ______ in one direction.
A thousand base pairs (bp) is referred to as a ______.
A thousand base pairs (bp) is referred to as a ______.
The size of a DNA molecule is measured by the number of ______.
The size of a DNA molecule is measured by the number of ______.
In the process of denaturation, the two strands of DNA separate into single-stranded DNA at a melting temperature of approximately ______°C.
In the process of denaturation, the two strands of DNA separate into single-stranded DNA at a melting temperature of approximately ______°C.
Upon cooling the DNA solution, the two strands undergo ______ to form a double-stranded DNA molecule.
Upon cooling the DNA solution, the two strands undergo ______ to form a double-stranded DNA molecule.
The four bases used in a DNA molecule are A, T, G, and ______.
The four bases used in a DNA molecule are A, T, G, and ______.
A DNA molecule is formed by linking the ______ of one nucleotide to the ______ of the neighboring nucleotide.
A DNA molecule is formed by linking the ______ of one nucleotide to the ______ of the neighboring nucleotide.
The bond formed by linking two nucleotides is a ______ bond.
The bond formed by linking two nucleotides is a ______ bond.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is ______ stranded.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is ______ stranded.
In RNA, the sugar is ______, not deoxyribose.
In RNA, the sugar is ______, not deoxyribose.
The bases in RNA are A, U, G, C, instead of A, ______, G, C in DNA.
The bases in RNA are A, U, G, C, instead of A, ______, G, C in DNA.
RNA is ______-stranded.
RNA is ______-stranded.
The OH group at the 2' position in RNA is ______ deoxygenated.
The OH group at the 2' position in RNA is ______ deoxygenated.
In the complementary DNA strand for 5'-TCTAATGGAGCT, the sequence starts with ______.
In the complementary DNA strand for 5'-TCTAATGGAGCT, the sequence starts with ______.
The amino acid ______ has an ionic side chain interaction.
The amino acid ______ has an ionic side chain interaction.
The side chain of ______ contains a thiol group.
The side chain of ______ contains a thiol group.
______ is an amino acid with a hydroxyl (-OH) group in its side chain.
______ is an amino acid with a hydroxyl (-OH) group in its side chain.
The amino acid ______ is known for its aromatic side chain.
The amino acid ______ is known for its aromatic side chain.
The amino acid with a branched chain is ______.
The amino acid with a branched chain is ______.
______ contains an amine group which can participate in ionic interactions.
______ contains an amine group which can participate in ionic interactions.
The side chain of ______ contributes to its role in protein stability through disulfide bridge formation.
The side chain of ______ contributes to its role in protein stability through disulfide bridge formation.
The amino acid ______ contains a carboxyl group in its side chain.
The amino acid ______ contains a carboxyl group in its side chain.
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Study Notes
DNA Structure
- DNA is composed of nucleotides linked together in a chain.
- Each nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- The deoxyribose and phosphate groups form the backbone of the DNA molecule.
- The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
- Adenine and guanine are purines, which have a double-ring structure.
- Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines, which have a single-ring structure.
Base Pairing
- Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) through two hydrogen bonds.
- Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) through three hydrogen bonds.
- Base pairing is the key to the double-stranded structure of DNA.
- The two strands of DNA are antiparallel, meaning they run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
DNA Size
- The size of a DNA molecule is measured in base pairs (bp).
- One kilobase (kb) is equal to 1,000 bp.
- One megabase pair (Mb) is equal to 1,000,000 bp.
Denaturation and Renaturation
- Denaturation is the separation of the two strands of DNA by heat or high pH, resulting in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).
- Renaturation is the reassociation of the two strands of DNA into a double-stranded molecule (dsDNA) upon cooling.
RNA Structure
- RNA is a polynucleotide similar to DNA but has a few key differences:
- RNA contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose.
- RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
- RNA is typically single-stranded.
- RNA can still form base pairs with DNA, with A pairing with U, G pairing with C, and C pairing with G.
Amino Acids
- Twenty amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- Each amino acid has a unique structure and properties that influence its function in a protein.
- The structures of the 20 amino acids are provided in the text, with each amino acid being represented by a three-letter abbreviation (e.g., Ala, Arg, Asn, etc.) and a single-letter abbreviation (e.g., A, R, N, etc.).
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