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A DNA molecule is made of a backbone consisting of deoxyriboses and ______ groups.
phosphate
The four bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and ______.
cytosine
A and G are classified as ______ due to their double-ring structures.
purines
Thymine and cytosine are classified as ______ because they have single-ring structures.
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Each DNA nucleotide is referred to as a ______ triphosphate.
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Adenine is denoted by the abbreviation ______.
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A DNA molecule consisting of 'n' nucleotides can have ______ possible arrangements.
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The specific arrangement of nucleotides in a DNA molecule is known as the ______ sequence.
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Base pairing occurs between A and ______, and between G and C.
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There are ______ hydrogen bonds in a GC pair.
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______ pairs are less tightly bound than GC pairs.
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The two strands in a DNA molecule are complementary to one another, meaning they ______ with each other.
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A DNA molecule exists as a ______-stranded molecule.
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The nucleotides of one strand base pair with the nucleotides of the ______ strand.
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Hydrogen bonds form as a result of electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom and two ______ atoms.
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If the bases in one strand are known, the alignment of the bases in the complementary strand can be ______.
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The two strands in a DNA molecule are ______.
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A DNA sequence is always read in a ______ to ______ direction.
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One strand of a DNA molecule goes from ______ to ______ in one direction.
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A thousand base pairs (bp) is referred to as a ______.
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The size of a DNA molecule is measured by the number of ______.
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In the process of denaturation, the two strands of DNA separate into single-stranded DNA at a melting temperature of approximately ______°C.
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Upon cooling the DNA solution, the two strands undergo ______ to form a double-stranded DNA molecule.
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The four bases used in a DNA molecule are A, T, G, and ______.
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A DNA molecule is formed by linking the ______ of one nucleotide to the ______ of the neighboring nucleotide.
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The bond formed by linking two nucleotides is a ______ bond.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is ______ stranded.
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In RNA, the sugar is ______, not deoxyribose.
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The bases in RNA are A, U, G, C, instead of A, ______, G, C in DNA.
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RNA is ______-stranded.
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The OH group at the 2' position in RNA is ______ deoxygenated.
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In the complementary DNA strand for 5'-TCTAATGGAGCT, the sequence starts with ______.
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The amino acid ______ has an ionic side chain interaction.
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The side chain of ______ contains a thiol group.
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______ is an amino acid with a hydroxyl (-OH) group in its side chain.
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The amino acid ______ is known for its aromatic side chain.
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The amino acid with a branched chain is ______.
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______ contains an amine group which can participate in ionic interactions.
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The side chain of ______ contributes to its role in protein stability through disulfide bridge formation.
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The amino acid ______ contains a carboxyl group in its side chain.
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Study Notes
DNA Structure
- DNA is composed of nucleotides linked together in a chain.
- Each nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- The deoxyribose and phosphate groups form the backbone of the DNA molecule.
- The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
- Adenine and guanine are purines, which have a double-ring structure.
- Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines, which have a single-ring structure.
Base Pairing
- Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) through two hydrogen bonds.
- Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) through three hydrogen bonds.
- Base pairing is the key to the double-stranded structure of DNA.
- The two strands of DNA are antiparallel, meaning they run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
DNA Size
- The size of a DNA molecule is measured in base pairs (bp).
- One kilobase (kb) is equal to 1,000 bp.
- One megabase pair (Mb) is equal to 1,000,000 bp.
Denaturation and Renaturation
- Denaturation is the separation of the two strands of DNA by heat or high pH, resulting in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).
- Renaturation is the reassociation of the two strands of DNA into a double-stranded molecule (dsDNA) upon cooling.
RNA Structure
- RNA is a polynucleotide similar to DNA but has a few key differences:
- RNA contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose.
- RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
- RNA is typically single-stranded.
- RNA can still form base pairs with DNA, with A pairing with U, G pairing with C, and C pairing with G.
Amino Acids
- Twenty amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- Each amino acid has a unique structure and properties that influence its function in a protein.
- The structures of the 20 amino acids are provided in the text, with each amino acid being represented by a three-letter abbreviation (e.g., Ala, Arg, Asn, etc.) and a single-letter abbreviation (e.g., A, R, N, etc.).
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of DNA structure, including its composition of nucleotides and the significance of base pairing. You'll learn about the unique characteristics of purines and pyrimidines, as well as the size measurements of DNA molecules. Test your knowledge on how these elements contribute to the double-stranded nature of DNA.
