DNA Sequencing and Nobel Laureates Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary function of the radioactive isotopes used in Frederick Sanger's early DNA sequencing method?

  • To label individual fragments, enabling sequence determination and overlap identification. (correct)
  • To break down the DNA into smaller fragments.
  • To accelerate the process of nucleotide binding to create longer strands of DNA.
  • To amplify the DNA in order to sequence it more efficiently.

    • Which key technique did Sanger's team utilize in 1977 to isolate DNA fragments for sequencing?

  • Enzymatic cleavage of DNA at specific sequences in order to identify them.
  • Radioactive tagging of DNA fragments to identify their specific sequence.
  • Gel electrophoresis using an electrical current to separate DNA.
  • Dideoxy chain-termination using a molecular inhibitor to halt DNA strand extension. (correct)

    • Besides sequencing both DNA and RNA, what did Sanger's work allow scientists to achieve?

  • To rapidly produce an enormous number of viral particles.
  • To create genetically modified organisms resistant to mutation.
  • To discover new DNA sequences and create modified genes with new properties. (correct)
  • To develop treatments for non-genetic disorders by targeting faulty genes.

    • What was the approximate time gap between Sanger sequencing the first human genome and the 3 billion total base pairs?

    <p>Approximately 1 year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct significance of the discovery of 48,502 base pairs of DNA?

    <p>It marked a substantial event in the scientific community and an opening of new genetic sequencing techniques. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these positions did Lise Meitner hold during her career?

    <p>Postdoctoral researcher in radioactive substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element was discovered by Lise Meitner during her collaboration with Otto Hahn?

    <p>Protactinium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the experiment Meitner discussed with Otto Frisch?

    <p>It provided evidence of uranium nuclear fission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recognition did Otto Hahn receive for the discovery of nuclear fission?

    <p>The Nobel Prize (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Enrico Fermi's major contribution to the field of nuclear physics?

    <p>He created the first working nuclear chain reactor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Frederick Sanger's doctoral research?

    <p>Studies into amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides sequencing proteins, what other type of molecule did Sanger successfully sequence?

    <p>RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of sequencing is attributed to Frederick Sanger?

    <p>The dideoxy method of DNA sequencing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of Sanger's work on the field of molecular biology?

    <p>It greatly advanced medicine, gene therapy, and genetic manipulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced Sanger's strong sense of truth and conscience?

    <p>His Quaker beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Frederick Sanger exempted from military service during WWII?

    <p>He was a pacifist due to his Quaker beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What discovery resulted from Sanger's work on insulin?

    <p>Proteins have unique amino acid sets and 3D structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Sanger complete the amino acid sequencing of insulin?

    <p>1955 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant conclusion did Rutherford reach about the structure of atoms?

    <p>Atoms consist mainly of empty space with a dense nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Rutherford's model of the atom differ from Thomson's model?

    <p>Rutherford's model showed a nucleus at the center, while Thomson's did not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of Bohr's model that built upon Rutherford's findings?

    <p>Electrons occupy quantized energy levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major scientific revolution did Rutherford's atomic model represent when it was first introduced?

    <p>A radical shift in understanding that matter is mostly empty space. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason Lise Meitner relocated from Germany to Sweden in 1938?

    <p>She was escaping the increasing persecution of Jewish people under Nazi policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element was named in honor of Rutherford due to his significant contributions to atomic theory?

    <p>Rutherfordium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lise Meitner’s doctoral thesis explored which scientific phenomenon?

    <p>The movement of heat through materials with uneven particle distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides Lise Meitner, who else was awarded the Enrico Fermi Award in 1966?

    <p>Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prior to attending the University of Vienna, what was the main purpose of Lise Meitner's private tutoring?

    <p>To help her pass the formal entrance exam to enter university level courses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the specific title or focus of Meitner's very first scientific publication listed in the text?

    <p>No publications are named in the contents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant contribution of George Washington Carver to agriculture?

    <p>Development of alternative crops for soil restoration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following honors did George Washington Carver receive?

    <p>The Springarn Medal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many products did Carver invent from peanuts?

    <p>287 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context did Carver emphasize the importance of education?

    <p>As a fundamental key to freedom and self-sufficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Carver's methods for soil improvement and crop cultivation?

    <p>Revitalization of the Southern US economy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution did Jane Goodall make to the understanding of chimpanzee behavior?

    <p>She identified the emotional and social complexities of chimpanzees. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year did Jane Goodall earn her PhD in ethology?

    <p>1965 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Roots & Shoots program created by Jane Goodall?

    <p>Training young people in conservation leadership. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Jane Goodall initially approach her studies of chimpanzees?

    <p>With patience, empathy, and tenacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Jane Goodall Institute primarily focus on?

    <p>Chimpanzee conservation research and education. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial concept regarding atoms did Rutherford's research challenge?

    <p>Atoms were indivisible solid spheres. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of Rutherford's discovery of alpha and beta radiation?

    <p>It indicated that atoms were not fundamental and immutable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific experimental observation led Rutherford to propose the 'Rutherford model' of the atom?

    <p>The deflection of alpha particles by gold foil. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Rutherford surprised to win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry?

    <p>He believed his work was more aligned with physics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key achievement that Rutherford described as 'breaking the machine and touching the ghost of matter'?

    <p>The transmutation of one element into another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did J.J. Thomson play in Rutherford's early career?

    <p>He recommended him for a professorship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Rutherford's research directly built upon the findings of Henri Becquerel?

    <p>The identification and classification of radioactive emissions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the practical application of Rutherford's work on nuclear transmutation in the provided content?

    <p>It showed that elements could be altered to other elements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial discovery did Tak Wah Mak make in 1983?

    <p>Discovered the genetic sequence and origin of T-cell receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific recognition does Jocelyn Bell Burnell hold for her contributions to astronomy?

    <p>Dame Commander of the British Empire (DBE) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often do pulsars emit radio waves as described in the content?

    <p>Every 1.337 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Tak Wah Mak complete his PhD?

    <p>University of Alberta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines pulsars according to their description?

    <p>They are rapidly rotating, strongly magnetized neutron stars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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