27 Questions
What are the components of a nucleotide?
A purine or pyrimidine nucleobase, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
Name the two types of nucleic acids and explain the differences between them.
The two types are Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA). The nucleobases in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, while in RNA they are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.
How many different translations must a computer program perform for any given double-stranded DNA sequence?
6
What is the role of DNA in storing genetic information?
DNA stores the instructions for all the proteins an organism will synthesize.
Does the presence of an Open Reading Frame (ORF) guarantee that the DNA sequence is part of a gene?
No
Why does the computer program transcribe each DNA strand into its complementary RNA sequence before translation?
To translate the RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence
How many reading frames can each DNA strand be read in?
3
What is found within genes but does not always mark the start of a gene sequence?
Methionine codons
What are the two ends of a single RNA or DNA strand?
Phosphate group and sugar (ribose for RNA and deoxyribose for DNA)
How do scientists read the genetic code?
Scientists read the genetic code by sequencing DNA, which determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA strand.
What is the role of ddNTP in DNA sequencing?
ddNTPs are used in DNA sequencing to terminate the growing DNA chain when added, helping determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA strand.
What is the difference between ddNTPs and regular DNA nucleotides?
ddNTPs are similar to regular DNA nucleotides but differ enough to prevent DNA replication when added to a DNA chain.
What is cycle sequencing in DNA sequencing?
Cycle sequencing is a PCR-like procedure that creates multiple copies of the gene to be sequenced.
How does DNA sequencing help identify disease-causing gene changes?
By knowing the order of nucleotides in both normal and disease-causing versions of a gene, scientists can identify which changes in the gene cause the disease.
What happens when a ddNTP is added to a growing DNA chain?
When a ddNTP is added, DNA polymerase is unable to add more nucleotides, leading to the termination of the growing chain.
What is the key role of the number of hydrophobic residues in the connected loops of cyclotides?
Playing a role in the activities of cyclotides including anti-HIV and anti-microbial effects
In cyclotide O1, what residue is observed in position 16 within loop 3 and how does it compare to vbc 6?
Ala; Ser in vbc 6
What is the impact of replacing Thr 15 with Ser in cyclotide O1?
No effect on the binding ability of peptides
How does the replacement of Trp with Arg in loop 2 of cyclotide C3 affect its hydrophobic property compared to cyclotide 2d?
Arg is less hydrophobic than Trp
What residue was observed in position 10 within loop 2 of cyclotide I2 and how does it compare to cyclotide 2d?
Phe; Trp in cyclotide 2d
In the comparison between cyclotide I2 and cyclotide 2d, what replacement was made in loop 3 and what property do these residues share?
Leu replaced with Phe; both are hydrophobic residues
What are cyclotides characterized by?
unique cyclic cysteine knot structure
What are some biological activities of cyclotides?
anti-HIV, anti-microbial, cytotoxic effects
Which three species of Violaceae were studied in terms of gene sequences encoding cyclotides?
Viola odorata, V.ignobilis, V.occulta
How were total cyclotides content extracted from V.ignobilis in the study?
fractionation method
What was used to semi-purify the cyclotides extracted from V.ignobilis?
SPE-CI8 (Solid Phase Extraction)
What is suggested as proper candidates for controlling pests based on the study?
cyclotides
Test your knowledge on DNA sequencing and high-throughput sample preparation methods used in modern biological research. Learn about how scientists read genetic codes through DNA sequencing and its applications in studying genes. Explore the challenges and solutions in scaling up sample preparation processes.
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