DNA Sequencing and High-Throughput Sample Preparation Quiz

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What are the components of a nucleotide?

A purine or pyrimidine nucleobase, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Name the two types of nucleic acids and explain the differences between them.

The two types are Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA). The nucleobases in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, while in RNA they are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.

How many different translations must a computer program perform for any given double-stranded DNA sequence?

6

What is the role of DNA in storing genetic information?

DNA stores the instructions for all the proteins an organism will synthesize. Signup and view all the answers

Does the presence of an Open Reading Frame (ORF) guarantee that the DNA sequence is part of a gene?

No Signup and view all the answers

Why does the computer program transcribe each DNA strand into its complementary RNA sequence before translation?

To translate the RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence Signup and view all the answers

How many reading frames can each DNA strand be read in?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is found within genes but does not always mark the start of a gene sequence?

Methionine codons Signup and view all the answers

What are the two ends of a single RNA or DNA strand?

Phosphate group and sugar (ribose for RNA and deoxyribose for DNA) Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists read the genetic code?

Scientists read the genetic code by sequencing DNA, which determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA strand. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ddNTP in DNA sequencing?

ddNTPs are used in DNA sequencing to terminate the growing DNA chain when added, helping determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA strand. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between ddNTPs and regular DNA nucleotides?

ddNTPs are similar to regular DNA nucleotides but differ enough to prevent DNA replication when added to a DNA chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is cycle sequencing in DNA sequencing?

Cycle sequencing is a PCR-like procedure that creates multiple copies of the gene to be sequenced. Signup and view all the answers

How does DNA sequencing help identify disease-causing gene changes?

By knowing the order of nucleotides in both normal and disease-causing versions of a gene, scientists can identify which changes in the gene cause the disease. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a ddNTP is added to a growing DNA chain?

When a ddNTP is added, DNA polymerase is unable to add more nucleotides, leading to the termination of the growing chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of the number of hydrophobic residues in the connected loops of cyclotides?

Playing a role in the activities of cyclotides including anti-HIV and anti-microbial effects Signup and view all the answers

In cyclotide O1, what residue is observed in position 16 within loop 3 and how does it compare to vbc 6?

Ala; Ser in vbc 6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of replacing Thr 15 with Ser in cyclotide O1?

No effect on the binding ability of peptides Signup and view all the answers

How does the replacement of Trp with Arg in loop 2 of cyclotide C3 affect its hydrophobic property compared to cyclotide 2d?

Arg is less hydrophobic than Trp Signup and view all the answers

What residue was observed in position 10 within loop 2 of cyclotide I2 and how does it compare to cyclotide 2d?

Phe; Trp in cyclotide 2d Signup and view all the answers

In the comparison between cyclotide I2 and cyclotide 2d, what replacement was made in loop 3 and what property do these residues share?

Leu replaced with Phe; both are hydrophobic residues Signup and view all the answers

What are cyclotides characterized by?

unique cyclic cysteine knot structure Signup and view all the answers

What are some biological activities of cyclotides?

anti-HIV, anti-microbial, cytotoxic effects Signup and view all the answers

Which three species of Violaceae were studied in terms of gene sequences encoding cyclotides?

Viola odorata, V.ignobilis, V.occulta Signup and view all the answers

How were total cyclotides content extracted from V.ignobilis in the study?

fractionation method Signup and view all the answers

What was used to semi-purify the cyclotides extracted from V.ignobilis?

SPE-CI8 (Solid Phase Extraction) Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as proper candidates for controlling pests based on the study?

cyclotides Signup and view all the answers