final 13 !

<p>To remove mispaired nucleotides from the growing DNA strand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Base pairs must maintain a specific geometric fit to be incorporated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To copy genetic material for cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each daughter DNA molecule contains one parental and one new strand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S Phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10,000-100,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are sites of parental strand separation and incorporate nucleotides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50-250 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize the daughter strands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small portions of the eukaryotic genome that are replicated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To introduce or remove supercoils in DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replisome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5' to 3' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DnaB helicase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To unwind DNA strands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires ATP during replication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA polymerase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least two, one on the leading strand and one per Okazaki fragment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leading strand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA primers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires a looped structure for polymerases to function together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unwind DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It specifically removes supercoils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Origin recognition complex (ORC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The entire complex of active proteins at the replication fork (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relax DNA supercoiling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SSB proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To extend RNA primers on the lagging strand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To unwind the DNA helix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simultaneous elongation of both strands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When it encounters a previously synthesized Okazaki fragment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remove RNA primers and fill gaps with dNTs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis in the opposite direction of unwinding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By looping the lagging strand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To function alongside DNA polymerase III. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesizes RNA primers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Okazaki fragments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H3H4 tetramers remain intact, while H2A/H2B dimers bind randomly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They utilize an exonuclease activity against errors made in nucleotide incorporation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-15% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must have a complementary base pairing geometry with the template. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It covalently joins 3' dNTs to 5' ends of Okazaki fragments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each daughter duplex contains one parental strand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize new DNA strands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic replication is bi-directional from multiple origins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To localize the active sites of replication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the site where new complementary strands are synthesized. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10,000 - 100,000 origins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To change DNA topology by breaking and rejoining double-stranded DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>γ-Clamp loading complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate simultaneous travel of two DNA polymerases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To introduce or remove supercoils in DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize RNA primers for lagging strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It unwinds the double-stranded DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It extends RNA primers into DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA Polymerase II serves primarily as a backup for DNA Polymerase III (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complex of proteins active at the replication fork (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On the lagging strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases the lagging strand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filling gaps with deoxynucleotides after RNA primer removal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trombone Model. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesizing RNA primers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By attaching to the RNA primer and incorporating deoxynucleotides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables two DNA polymerases to replicate simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The binding of DNA polymerase III further along the lagging strand template. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a backup polymerase for DNA polymerase III. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After the DNA helix is unwound by helicase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It extends RNA primers by attaching deoxynucleotides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It unwinds the DNA strands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help synthesize RNA primers needed for lagging strand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting the formation of new pre-RCs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To relax supercoiled DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It recognizes the origin of replication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It grows continuously towards the replication fork. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein kinases during S phase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5' to 3' for both leading and lagging strands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S Phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each replicon contains one origin of replication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the location of strand separation and nucleotide incorporation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replication is bi-directional from multiple origins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA polymerase III and clamp proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the rapid synthesis of large genomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is involved in removing supercoils ahead of the replication fork. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each daughter DNA molecule retains one original strand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains Okazaki fragments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Origin recognition complex (ORC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DnaB helicase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To relieve supercoiling tension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are replaced by DNA polymerase II. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recruit helicase to the replication origins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It synthesizes in a 5' to 3' direction without interruption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They synchronize DNA replication timing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It induces tension that requires removal by topoisomerases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It introduces or removes supercoils to alter DNA topology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains multiple core polymerases and sliding clamps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It synthesizes RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA Polymerase III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It consists of a complex of various proteins that coordinate replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires multiple RNA primers for synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They change DNA topology by breaking and rejoining double-stranded DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent DNA polymerase from dissociating from the DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It unwinds the double-stranded DNA helix. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows two DNA polymerases to work together effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extends RNA primers on the lagging strand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesizes RNA primers on the lagging strand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By looping the lagging strand to work ahead (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases the lagging strand template (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H3H4 tetramers remain intact while H2A/H2B dimers bind randomly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA polymerase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA Polymerases I and III utilize a 3'-&gt;5' exonuclease functionality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adds deoxynucleotides to fill in the gap (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to form proper geometric fits of dNTs with the template. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10,000 to 100,000 origins; ~10-15% of replicons are active. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Join segments of newly synthesized DNA together. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA polymerase III extends RNA primers to incorporate nucleotides on the lagging strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It unwinds the DNA double helix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It functions as a backup for DNA polymerase III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.

DNA replication process in bacteria, heavily studied using temperature-sensitive mutants and in vitro systems.

The cell cycle phase where DNA replication occurs.

Small portion of the eukaryotic genome that's replicated at once.

The site where parental strands separate and new strands are assembled.

Localized sites within the nucleus where multiple replicons are actively replicating.

Enzymes that build new DNA strands during replication.

Mechanism of replication where two replication forks move in opposite directions.

DNA replication where one strand is synthesized continuously (leading strand) and the other in short fragments (lagging strand).

Short DNA fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

DNA strand replicated continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, following the replication fork.

DNA strand replicated discontinuously in the 5' to 3' direction, away from the replication fork, in short fragments.

Enzyme responsible for the majority of DNA synthesis during replication in prokaryotes.

Protein that recognizes the origin of replication in bacteria.

Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.

Proteins that prevent single-stranded DNA from re-annealing during DNA replication.

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers for DNA replication.

Enzymes that relieve torsional stress during DNA replication in eukaryotes.

A type of enzyme that relieves strain on DNA during replication or transcription by breaking and rejoining a single strand of DNA. It does not require ATP.

An enzyme that changes the topology of DNA by breaking and rejoining both strands of DNA. It can introduce or remove supercoils and is crucial for untangling DNA strands, especially during replication and cell division. It requires ATP.

A type of type II topoisomerase found in bacteria that introduces negative supercoils into DNA. This helps to compact the DNA and facilitate processes like replication and transcription.

A complex enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during DNA replication in prokaryotes. It contains multiple components, including two core polymerase enzymes, β clamps, and a clamp loader.

A protein ring that encircles DNA and allows DNA polymerase III to remain attached to the DNA strand during replication.

A component of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme that loads the β clamp onto DNA. It is also associated with the helicase.

The entire complex of proteins involved in DNA replication. It includes DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, helicase, single-stranded binding proteins (SSBs), and primase.

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication. In prokaryotes, it is typically located on the lagging strand.

Eukaryotic replication occurs at multiple origins of replication on each chromosome, allowing for faster DNA duplication. Each origin initiates a replication bubble, creating two moving replication forks. The replication process is coordinated to ensure all DNA is copied and that each daughter cell receives a complete set.

PCNA stands for Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen. It functions as a clamp, encircling DNA and keeping the DNA polymerase firmly attached during replication. The clamp ensures that the polymerase stays on track and continues replicating the strand efficiently.

As replication machinery passes along the DNA, nucleosomes (the basic units of chromatin) are displaced. The process of reassembling nucleosomes on the newly synthesized DNA strand is rapid. Existing histone molecules are used, with (H3H4)2 tetramers staying intact while H2A/H2B dimers separate and bind randomly.

Both these DNA polymerases have a 3' to 5' exonuclease proofreading function. This means they can remove mismatched nucleotides from the 3' end of a newly synthesized strand to correct errors during DNA replication. This function ensures higher fidelity of DNA replication.

DNA Polymerase III extends RNA primers on the lagging strand during DNA replication. It attaches to the primer and incorporates deoxynucleotides.

The lagging strand loops around during replication, allowing two DNA Polymerase III molecules to travel together and synthesize DNA simultaneously.

DNA Polymerase III releases the lagging strand when it encounters a previously synthesized Okazaki fragment.

After release, DNA Polymerase III binds to the lagging strand template further along its length and starts elongating DNA from the next RNA primer.

DNA Polymerase I has both exonuclease and polymerase activity. It removes RNA primers of Okazaki fragments and fills the gap with DNA nucleotides.

The trombone model describes how the lagging strand is looped and pulled through DNA polymerase III during replication, allowing for efficient synthesis of Okazaki fragments.

Okazaki fragments are short DNA pieces synthesized on the lagging strand during replication. They are later joined together to form a continuous strand.

Elongation is the process of extending the new DNA strands during replication. In prokaryotes, it involves multiple enzymes like DNA polymerase III, primase, and helicase.

Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, separating the two strands to make them available for replication.

Primase synthesizes short RNA primers that provide a starting point for DNA polymerase III to begin DNA synthesis.

A short piece of RNA that acts as a starting point for DNA synthesis. It's like a foundation for the new DNA.

Proteins that bind to single-stranded DNA during replication, preventing them from re-annealing. They're like stabilizers, keeping the strands separated.

The first step in DNA replication where the process is initiated. It involves the recognition of origin of replication and unwinding of the DNA helix.

The twisting or coiling of DNA during replication. It's like a spring that can get too tightly wound.

The site where parental DNA strands separate and new DNA strands are assembled during eukaryotic replication. It's a dynamic structure with multiple proteins working together.

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, a protein that acts like a clamp, encircling DNA and holding DNA polymerase in place during replication.

During replication, the movement of the machinery displaces nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. These nucleosomes then reassemble quickly on the newly synthesized strand, using a combination of old and new histone proteins.

The specific phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs in eukaryotic organisms.

A small segment of the eukaryotic genome that is replicated independently at a time.

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the new strand in a 5' to 3' direction, meaning the new strand grows from its 5' end to its 3' end.

Proteins that bind to the single-stranded DNA during replication, preventing the strands from re-annealing.

Enzymes that relieve the tension caused by DNA supercoiling during replication.

DNA Polymerase III extends RNA primers on the lagging strand, attaching to the primer and incorporating deoxynucleotides.

DNA ligase is an enzyme that seals the nicks or breaks in a DNA strand by creating a phosphodiester bond between the 3' hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate group of the next.