DNA Replication and Repair Quiz

DNA Replication and Repair

• Transcription: Copies genetic information from DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein production.
• Excision Repair: Removes and replaces damaged DNA, like UV-induced damage.
• Translation: Ribosomes convert mRNA into amino acid sequences forming proteins.
• Mismatch Repair: Fixes errors in DNA replication, like insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases.
• Codon: Three nucleotides in mRNA that code for an amino acid or stop signal.
• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Creates multiple copies of a DNA segment.
• Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase: Attaches the right amino acid to its tRNA.
• Sanger Sequencing: Method of DNA sequencing using chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides.
• Genetic Code: Rules for translating mRNA sequences into proteins.
• DNA Polymerase: Enzyme synthesizing DNA from deoxyribonucleotides (essential for replication).
• Anticodon: tRNA sequence complementary to a codon in mRNA.
• Proofreading: DNA polymerase's error-correction mechanism; removes incorrect nucleotides.
• Silent Mutation: Nucleotide change with no effect on the amino acid sequence.
• Introns: Non-coding DNA sequences removed from RNA during processing.
• tRNA (Transfer RNA): Carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
• Rosalind Franklin: Her X-ray diffraction images helped discover the double helix.
• Okazaki Fragment: Short DNA segments synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand.
• Watson and Crick: Discovered the double helix structure of DNA, drawing on Rosalind Franklin's data.
• ORI (Origin of Replication): DNA sequence where replication starts.
• Transformation: Acquiring exogenous genetic material from surrounding environment.
• Leading Strand: DNA strand synthesized continuously during replication.

DNA Structure and Function

• Chargaff's Rules: DNA from any cell has a 1:1 ratio of A=T and C=G.
• Telomerase: Adds nucleotides to chromosome ends to prevent shortening.
• Helicase: Enzyme unwinding the DNA helix during replication.
• Lagging Strand: Synthesized discontinuously in short sections (Okazaki fragments).
• Template: DNA or RNA strand used as a guide for complementary strand synthesis.
• Plasmid: Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules.
• Antiparallel: Opposite 5' to 3' orientations of DNA strands in the double helix.
• Semi-conservative: In DNA replication, each new double helix contains one old and one new strand.
• Primer: Short nucleic acid sequence starting DNA synthesis.

Test your knowledge on the essential processes of DNA replication and repair. This quiz covers key concepts such as transcription, translation, and various repair mechanisms including mismatch repair and excision repair. Dive deep into the molecular biology that underpins genetic fidelity and protein synthesis.