DNA Replication and Repair Quiz

The process by which genetic information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein synthesis.

A mechanism that removes and replaces damaged DNA, such as nucleotide excision repair, which corrects UV-induced damage.

The process by which ribosomes convert the genetic information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to build proteins.

A system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases during DNA replication and recombination.

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the end of protein synthesis.

A laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA.

An enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA.

A method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides during DNA replication.

The set of rules by which information encoded in mRNA sequences is translated into proteins by living cells.

An enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, essential for DNA replication.

A sequence of three bases in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA.

The function of DNA polymerase to correct errors in DNA synthesis by removing and replacing incorrect nucleotides.

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created, thus having no effect on the protein's function.

Non-coding sequences of DNA within a gene that are removed during RNA processing.

A type of RNA molecule that helps decode mRNA sequences into proteins during translation by carrying amino acids to the ribosome.

An English chemist whose X-ray diffraction images of DNA contributed to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure.

Short sequences of DNA nucleotides which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

James Watson and Francis Crick, who, along with Maurice Wilkins and using Rosalind Franklin's data, discovered the double helix structure of DNA.

A specific sequence in the genome where DNA replication begins.

The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings.

The strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously during DNA replication.

Erwin Chargaff, a biochemist known for Chargaff's rules, which state that DNA from any cell should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases (A=T and C=G).

An enzyme that adds nucleotides to the ends of chromosomes (telomeres) to prevent them from shortening during replication.

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix ahead of the replication fork.

The strand of DNA that is synthesized discontinuously in short sections (Okazaki fragments) during DNA replication.

A strand of DNA or RNA used as a guide to synthesize a complementary strand.

Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that are separate from a cell's chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. Commonly found in bacteria.

Refers to the opposite orientation of the two strands of DNA in the double helix, where one strand runs 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.

The method of DNA replication in which each new double helix contains one old strand and one new strand.

A short nucleic acid sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis.