DNA Repair and Mutations Overview

<p>They form covalent linkages between adjacent thymine bases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lead to the incorporation of incorrect bases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical intercalating agents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancing DNA repair mechanisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By modifying or mimicking DNA bases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reverse the damage previously inflicted on DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It synthesizes new DNA to fill in the gaps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The detection of pyrimidine dimers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a quick method resulting in potential gene loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous Recombination (HR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves removal of the sugar phosphate backbone and filling in gaps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyrimidine dimers caused by UV light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve small changes in DNA structure affecting a single gene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silent mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It corrects incorrect base pairings introduced during DNA replication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonsense mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induced mutations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frameshift mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It changes the base identity, potentially leading to mutations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One specific base in the DNA sequence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It joins together new DNA segments after repair. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insertion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It detects and removes incorrect bases during replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations contribute to genetic diversity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A purine base is lost from the DNA strand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A heritable change in the genetic material of an organism. It can be a single nucleotide change or a large-scale chromosomal alteration.

Changes in the structure of a chromosome, such as deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations.

Changes in the number of chromosomes, such as aneuploidy (gain or loss of one or more chromosomes) or polyploidy (having more than two sets of chromosomes).

A change in the DNA sequence of a single gene. These changes can be as small as a single nucleotide substitution or as large as the insertion or deletion of multiple nucleotides.

A type of gene mutation where a single nucleotide is changed, leading to either a change in the amino acid sequence, a silent change (no change in amino acid), or a nonsense mutation (premature stop codon).

A point mutation that results in a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein, but the change does not significantly alter the protein's function.

A point mutation that results in a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein, leading to a change in its function.

A point mutation that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence, leading to a truncated protein.

A type of gene mutation where one or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted from the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame and potentially altering the amino acid sequence.

The process by which a cell repairs errors that occur during DNA replication.

An enzyme that joins together fragments of DNA.

The loss of a purine base (adenine or guanine) from a DNA molecule.

The chemical alteration of a cytosine base to uracil in DNA.

Agents that cause mutations in DNA.

Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, can break the phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone, leading to single-strand (ss) or double-strand (ds) breaks.

UV radiation can cause the formation of thymine dimers, where two adjacent thymine bases in the DNA strand become covalently linked.

Base analogues are chemicals that resemble DNA bases and can be incorporated into new DNA strands during replication. These analogues can lead to mispairing during subsequent replication.

Base modifying agents are chemicals that react with existing DNA bases, altering their structure. This can result in mispairings during replication or disrupt DNA function.

Intercalating agents are chemicals that insert themselves between DNA base pairs, distorting the double helix and disrupting DNA replication and other critical processes.

These repair systems can correct a wide range of DNA damage, including single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and mismatched bases.

This type of repair system corrects errors that occur during DNA replication, such as mismatched bases.

This system directly repairs damaged DNA by removing the damaged section and replacing it with the correct sequence. It can handle different types of damage, including single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and modified bases.

This repair system uses the undamaged strand of DNA as a template to repair the damaged strand. It is considered an error-free strategy for double-strand breaks.

This repair method directly joins broken ends of DNA, even if information is lost, allowing for a quick but potentially error-prone repair.

This system removes damaged bases and replaces them with new ones. It uses enzymes like DNA polymerase and ligase to fill in the gaps.

This system removes larger sections of damaged DNA, including multiple nucleotides, and uses enzymes like DNA helicase, polymerase and ligase to repair the gap.

These are a type of repair system that removes damaged regions from DNA, typically caused by UV radiation or other environmental factors.

These systems directly reverse the damage done to DNA, restoring the original structure without removing any base.

These are changes in the DNA sequence that can occur naturally or due to environmental factors.

This is the process by which cells repair damages or mistakes in their DNA, ensuring the genetic information is preserved.