DNA Mutation Classification Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which theory posits that living creatures could arise without parents?

  • Theory of abiogenesis
  • Theory of spontaneous generation (correct)
  • Expansion in the pool of biological molecules
  • Germ theory of disease

    • According to Koch's Postulates, which postulate states that the suspected organism should be present in ALL cases of the disease and ABSENT from healthy animals?

  • Postulate 2
  • Postulate 3
  • Postulate 4
  • Postulate 1 (correct)

    • What is used as a molecular clock for bacterial evolution?

  • Universal molecules
  • 18S rRNA
  • Small subunit rRNA (correct)
  • Lighting sparked organic building blocks

    • What is the impact of microbes on food availability?

    <p>Both destroy crops and preserve food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the lecture, what enables spontaneous generation?

    <p>Access to air and life force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory describes the generation of organic building blocks from simply reduced chemicals sparked by lighting?

    <p>Theory of abiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the molecular clock contain?

    <p>Temporal and genetic relatedness information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Koch's Postulates, which postulate states that cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal?

    <p>Postulate 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason 16S rRNA is suited for use as a molecular clock for bacterial evolution?

    <p>It has a constant substitution rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory that living creatures could arise without parents?

    <p>Theory of spontaneous generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for correction of mismatch by DNA polymerase III during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a change in a single base in DNA?

    <p>Transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation changes the open-reading frame of a gene?

    <p>Frame-shift mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for DNA segments that can hop from one place in the DNA to another?

    <p>Transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair mechanism recognizes and repairs bases that mostly do not distort DNA structure?

    <p>Base-excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a change in the amino acid sequence to another?

    <p>Missense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Jumping genes" discovered by Barbara McClintock in corn are also known as:

    <p>Transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair mechanism recognizes damage that distorts DNA structure and uses endonuclease to remove damaged bases?

    <p>Nucleotide excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Ku-family proteins bind broken ends" is a characteristic of which DNA repair mechanism?

    <p>Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a purine → pyrimidine or pyrimidine → purine change in a single base?

    <p>Transversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme binds to a pyrimidine dimer caused by UV radiation?

    <p>Photolyase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>DNA bounded by a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of spirochetes?

    <p>Helical structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component gives Gram-positive bacteria their characteristic purple stain in the Gram stain test?

    <p>Peptidoglycan in the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for active transport?

    <p>ATP hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport system combines active energy use with facilitated diffusion for sugar transport into the cell?

    <p>PTS transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Sec-dependent secreted proteins in bacteria?

    <p>They have a specific amino acid sequence at the N-terminus signal peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the S Layer in Gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Made of proteins and found in some species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the thin cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>To allow diffusion of substrates across the membrane via facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of safranin in the Gram stain test?

    <p>To counterstain all gram cells pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a gradient across a membrane is released?

    <p>The gradient tries to equilibrate and releases energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport system requires energy input to move material against the concentration gradient?

    <p>ABC Transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes passive transport from active transport?

    <p>Passive transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient without requiring cellular energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for ribosomal DNA being a good choice for studying evolutionary time?

    <p>It encodes components of the transcription and translation apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the endosymbiont theory for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

    <p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts were bacteria that ended up living together inside other species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the restriction/modification system in bacterial cells?

    <p>To cut foreign DNA using restriction endonucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of RNA polymerase sigma factors?

    <p>To recognize promoters and guide the core enzyme to initiate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general role of transcriptional regulators in a cell?

    <p>To sense environmental/internal changes and alter gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are open reading frames in mRNA?

    <p>Triplets of nucleotides that represent amino acids/stop signals in translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Rho-dependent transcriptional termination?

    <p>Binding of Rho to mRNA and unwinding of the RNA/DNA duplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prokaryotic translation differ from eukaryotic translation?

    <p>Prokaryotic translation uses different ribosome structure and initiation/release factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutant in biological terms?

    <p>An organism that is different from the wild type due to mutations in its genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are induced mutations primarily created by?

    <p>Treatment with added mutagens (mutagenesis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the shine-dalgarno sequence in translation?

    <p>To allow binding of mRNA with ribosomes for translation initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of plasmid curing as an evolutionary strategy?

    <p>To remove plasmids that no longer confer a benefit to the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of microbes on food availability?

    <p>Destroying crops and preserving food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory of spontaneous generation?

    <p>Creation of life without parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is used as a molecular clock for bacterial evolution?

    <p>Ribosomal DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the theory of spontaneous generation propose?

    <p>Life originates from non-living matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Koch's Postulates in describing the role of microbes in diseases?

    <p>Establishing the causative relationship between a microorganism and a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the molecular clock used for bacterial evolution?

    <p>Temporal information contained in a macromolecular sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA suited as molecular clocks for bacterial and eukaryotic evolution, respectively?

    <p>They are universally found in all organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in translation?

    <p>Facilitating ribosome binding to mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary role of plasmid curing as an evolutionary strategy?

    <p>Promoting genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Rho-independent transcriptional termination?

    <p>Formation of stem-loop structure in mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation changes the open-reading frame of a gene?

    <p>Frameshift mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes passive transport from active transport?

    <p>Energy requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason 16S rRNA is suited for use as a molecular clock for bacterial evolution?

    <p>Conserved sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the restriction/modification system in bacterial cells?

    <p>Cleaving foreign DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of RNA polymerase sigma factors?

    <p>Guiding transcription initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are open reading frames in mRNA?

    <p>(AUG) start codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence?

    <p>Silent mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes binds to a pyrimidine dimer caused by UV radiation and cleaves the cyclobutane ring?

    <p>Photolyase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for segments of DNA that can hop from one place in DNA to another?

    <p>Transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair mechanism recognizes and repairs bases that do not distort DNA structure?

    <p>Excision Repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coordinated set of responses to DNA damage called?

    <p>SOS Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation changes the open-reading frame of a gene?

    <p>Frame-shift mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Ames Test?

    <p>To test the strengths of mutagens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair mechanism uses endonuclease to remove a patch of single-stranded DNA containing damaged bases, including dimers?

    <p>Nucleotide excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a purine → pyrimidine or pyrimidine → purine change in a single base?

    <p>Transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component binds to broken ends and is characteristic of a DNA repair mechanism?

    <p>Ku-family proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the final transport of a substrate via conformational change of the transporter in ABC transporters?

    <p>ATP-Hydrolyzing protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the transport system that combines active energy use with facilitated diffusion for sugar transport into the cell?

    <p>PTS transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the change in the amino acid sequence to another?

    <p>Missense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport system actively transports a molecule in the opposite direction to the driving ion?

    <p>Antiporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for DNA segments that can hop from one place in the DNA to another?

    <p>Transposable elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecule tends to diffuse across the membrane in a process called osmosis?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the specific transporters that allow for diffusion of substrates across the membrane?

    <p>Carrier proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria in terms of their envelope characteristics?

    <p>Thick cell wall with teichoic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Jumping genes" discovered by Barbara McClintock in corn are also known as:

    <p>&quot;Transposable elements&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Weak acids and bases exist partly in an uncharged form that can diffuse across the membrane." This statement best describes which concept in cellular transport?

    <p>Passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

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