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Gr 12 Life Sciences June Exam P2 (Mix)
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Gr 12 Life Sciences June Exam P2 (Mix)

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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes

    • What are chromosomes made of?

  • Enzymes and Vitamins
  • RNA and Proteins
  • Carbohydrates and Lipids
  • DNA and Histones (correct)

    • Which cellular organelle contains DNA inherited maternally?

  • Mitochondria (correct)
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Nucleus

    • What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Facilitating Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Storing Genetic Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is responsible for the genetic blueprint of life?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use to study DNA's molecular structure?

    <p>X-ray diffraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

    <p>Francis Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Phosphate group, sugar molecule, nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with thymine in DNA?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Storage and transmission of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>DNA transcription followed by protein translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the two strands of DNA held together?

    <p>By covalent bonds between nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of accurate DNA replication for living organisms?

    <p>Ensures continuity of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which process do daughter cells end up genetically different from each other and from the parent cell?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves crossing over, increasing genetic variability among the produced gametes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs twice in meiosis, leading to two rounds of cell division?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is prophase different in meiosis I compared to mitosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes pair up in meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does telophase in meiosis I result in, compared to mitosis?

    <p>Two haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures that the end products are haploid but genetically varied?

    <p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mRNA formed within the cell?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Adding amino acids in protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of rRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Assembling amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotides are present in RNA?

    <p>Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is tRNA found within the cell?

    <p>Free in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mRNA do during protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries genetic code from DNA to cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>To break hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, allowing the DNA strands to separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure the conservation of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer required for DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the proofreading ability of DNA polymerases?

    <p>To ensure the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>To join the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the distinctive pattern of lines in a DNA profile?

    <p>DNA fingerprint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a match between the majority of bands in the evidence sample and the reference sample suggest in DNA profiling?

    <p>The samples are from the same source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of DNA profiling?

    <p>The potential for non-unique DNA regions among unrelated individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of comparing the evidence sample and the reference sample in DNA profiling?

    <p>To determine the source of the evidence sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transcription?

    <p>To transfer genetic information from DNA to mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, which component carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codon?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up and form bivalents?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs during meiosis I that increases genetic diversity?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>To prevent the doubling of chromosomes in each generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in animals?

    <p>In the sex organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the translation stage in protein synthesis?

    <p>To synthesize proteins from the mRNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of meiosis in maintaining chromosome number?

    <p>Halving the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process during meiosis introduces genetic diversity through new combinations of genes on each chromosome?

    <p>Crossing Over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chromosomal abnormality can result in Down Syndrome due to an extra copy of chromosome 21?

    <p>Non-disjunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, what does non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 result in?

    <p>Extra trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 that can result from non-disjunction?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In summary, what can abnormal meiosis due to non-disjunction lead to?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Both mitosis and meiosis involve stages known as _.'

    <p>'Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle, in addition to the nucleus, contains DNA inherited maternally?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Genetic Information Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for carrying the majority of genetic information in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA within living organisms?

    <p>Store, Transmit, and Execute Genetic Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Storage and transmission of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pairs with cytosine in DNA replication?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer required for DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, adenine base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of accurate DNA replication for living organisms?

    <p>Maintenance of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>(\text{Nucleus})</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of rRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Forming the structural framework of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the tRNA found within the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Converting genetic information from DNA to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of mRNA formation within the cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule serves as the template for protein synthesis during translation?

    <p><em>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about RNA's structure compared to DNA?

    <p>Single-stranded structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes located within the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>Separating the two strands of DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the termination phase of DNA replication?

    <p>Joining of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerases in DNA replication?

    <p>Addition of nucleotides in a 3' to 5' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in DNA replication ensures that each new cell receives an exact copy of the genetic information?

    <p>Proofreading and error correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Okazaki fragments in DNA replication?

    <p>They are joined by ligase enzymes to form a continuous DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase of DNA replication are nucleotides added to the growing DNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction?

    <p>Primer binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for DNA polymerases to proofread and correct errors during replication?

    <p>To minimize mutations and maintain fidelity of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Crossing over' during meiosis increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between:

    <p>'Homologous chromosomes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for organisms to have accurate DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure that each new cell receives an exact copy of the DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the nuclear envelopes during Prophase I and Prophase II of meiosis?

    <p>They dissolve during Prophase I and reform during Prophase II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis do chromosomes still consist of two chromatids align at the equator of each cell?

    <p>Prophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids towards opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in meiosis introduces genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Crossing Over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of random assortment during meiosis?

    <p>It results in gametes with different combinations of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does non-disjunction contribute to Down Syndrome?

    <p>It results in an abnormal gamete with an extra copy of chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the genetic makeup of the daughter cells?

    <p>In mitosis, the daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell, while in meiosis, they are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up and form bivalents?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between anaphase in mitosis and anaphase in meiosis I?

    <p>In mitosis, centromeres split and chromatids move to opposite poles, while in meiosis I, whole chromosomes move to poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic variability among the produced gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes for reproduction and genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of telophase in meiosis I compared to mitosis?

    <p>In meiosis I, two haploid daughter cells are formed, while in mitosis, two identical daughter cells are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the transcription stage in protein synthesis?

    <p>To translate the genetic information from DNA into mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up and form bivalents?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>To prevent the doubling of chromosomes in each generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process during meiosis introduces genetic diversity through new combinations of genes on each chromosome?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry specific amino acids and bind to the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>The cell divides into two daughter cells, each with half the original number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>To serve as a template for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis results in genetic variation due to the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic diversity in the resulting gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the translation stage in protein synthesis?

    <p>To synthesize proteins from the mRNA template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the genetic makeup of the daughter cells?

    <p>In mitosis, daughter cells are genetically identical, while in meiosis, they are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>To maintain the species-specific chromosome number through generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up and form bivalents?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic diversity among the produced gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Two haploid daughter cells are formed, which are not genetically identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>To carry genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis do chromosomes still consist of two chromatids align at the equator of each cell?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of meiosis in maintaining chromosome number?

    <p>It halves the chromosome number in the daughter cells, maintaining the species-specific chromosome number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes made of?

    <p>DNA and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Governing the production of cellular energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Enabling the conversion of light energy to chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between DNA and chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>DNA is the primary component of chromosomes, organized and compacted by proteins called histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the distribution of DNA across different cellular locations, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts?

    <p>It underscores the central role of DNA in both genetic inheritance and cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between DNA and the inheritance of genetic information?

    <p>DNA is the fundamental molecule that stores and transmits genetic information within living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best summarizes the significance of DNA in defining life itself?

    <p>DNA is responsible for the storage and execution of genetic information that dictates the biological processes of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what do DNA polymerase enzymes proofread to ensure the fidelity of replication?

    <p>Bonding between nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme facilitates the unwinding of the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA proofreading abilities during replication?

    <p>To ensure fidelity and reduce mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step marks the conclusion of the DNA replication process?

    <p>Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is added to the newly forming DNA strand during elongation in DNA replication?

    <p>'Correct' nucleotides complementary to the template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of primer binding in DNA replication?

    <p>To synthesize a short RNA primer for initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures the continuity of genetic information from one generation to the next?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific pairing of adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine in DNA replication?

    <p>It prevents mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of regulatory regions in DNA?

    <p>Controlling gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer required for DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about RNA's structure compared to DNA?

    <p>Contains uracil instead of adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Formation of daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between transcription and translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transcription produces mRNA, while translation synthesizes proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of protein synthesis are peptide bonds formed between amino acids?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis primarily occur in plants?

    <p>Anthers and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes align at the cell equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the first meiotic division (Meiosis I)?

    <p>Reducing chromosome number by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes at the poles?

    <p>Telophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

    <p>Producing genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of nuclear DNA inherited maternally?

    <p>It determines gender in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis I is responsible for the formation of haploid daughter cells?

    <p>Telophase I, where nuclear envelopes reform around haploid chromosome sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>To increase genetic variability among the gametes produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis II differ from mitosis in terms of chromosome composition?

    <p>Meiosis II starts with haploid cells, while mitosis starts with diploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>To maintain the species-specific chromosome number through generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Mitosis results in genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up and form bivalents?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial difference between Prophase II of meiosis and Prophase of mitosis?

    <p>In Prophase II, chromosomes still consist of two chromatids, while in Prophase, chromosomes are single-stranded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary similarity between the metaphase stages of meiosis I and meiosis II?

    <p>In both Metaphase I and II, chromosomes align individually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that distinguishes the anaphase stages of mitosis from meiosis?

    <p>Anaphase features the division of sister chromatids in mitosis, while Anaphase I involves homologous chromosomes separating in meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical aspect distinguishes Telophase II of meiosis from Telophase of mitosis?

    <p>Telophase II results in four haploid daughter cells, unlike Telophase which forms two diploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during non-disjunction in meiosis that results in Down Syndrome?

    <p>The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during Anaphase I or sister chromatids during Anaphase II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of crossing over during prophase?

    <p>Crossing over leads to new combinations of genes on each chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between telophase in mitosis and telophase II in meiosis?

    <p>Telophase forms two haploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the division process during cytokinesis in mitosis from that in meiosis?

    <p>Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm once after every division of the nucleus only in mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event characterizes anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes metaphase I from metaphase II in meiosis?

    <p>Metaphase I involves homologous pairs aligning at the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential ethical concern associated with DNA profiling?

    <p>Increased risk of genetic mutations during the profiling process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the structure of RNA is NOT accurate?

    <p>The sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA forms a double helix structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a mutation occurred in the gene encoding for tRNA, which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the roles of different types of RNA is accurate?

    <p>tRNA facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins on the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA profiling, which of the following would be the primary purpose of comparing a sample from a crime scene to a reference sample?

    <p>Identifying potential suspects in a criminal investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the process of protein synthesis is accurate?

    <p>mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the limitations of DNA profiling is NOT accurate?

    <p>DNA profiling is inherently unreliable due to the potential for genetic mutations during the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA profiling for paternity testing, which of the following comparisons would be most relevant?

    <p>Comparing the child's DNA profile with those of the presumed parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the roles of different types of RNA is NOT accurate?

    <p>tRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA profiling for medical applications, which of the following would be a relevant use?

    <p>Establishing tissue compatibility for organ transplants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains DNA and plays a critical role in energy production?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA is responsible for carrying the majority of genetic information that dictates an organism's characteristics?

    <p>Nuclear DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, where do histones interact with DNA to compact it?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Energy Production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme synthesizes the short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate the synthesis of the new DNA strand?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the direction of nucleotide addition to the growing DNA strand by DNA polymerases?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of proofreading by DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

    <p>Ensuring fidelity by correcting errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA profiling, what does a match between the majority of bands in the evidence sample and the reference sample suggest?

    <p>They are from the same source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is essential for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of genetic diversity resulting from mutations during DNA replication?

    <p>It contributes to genetic variation necessary for evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during elongation in DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome once the entire molecule has been replicated and the replication forks meet during DNA replication?

    <p>Formation of a continuous double-stranded DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA replication in cell growth and division processes?

    <p>To maintain genetic integrity during cell growth and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the cell?

    <p>Facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) primarily formed within the cell?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Delivering amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is involved in translating the genetic code carried by mRNA into proteins?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of transfer RNA (tRNA) within the cell during protein synthesis?

    <p>Freely in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p><strong>DNA</strong> is usually single-stranded, while <strong>RNA</strong> forms a double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component forms the structural framework of an RNA molecule?

    <p><strong>Ribose sugar</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible as distinct structures?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis?

    <p>To produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis I?

    <p>It increases genetic diversity among the produced gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between anaphase in mitosis and meiosis I?

    <p>Both a and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the halving of the chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>To maintain the species-specific chromosome number through generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>It causes an abnormal chromosome number in the daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur, facilitating the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the second meiotic division (Meiosis II)?

    <p>To separate sister chromatids into distinct daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the process of transcription is incorrect?

    <p>The newly formed mRNA strand remains attached to the DNA template strand during the translation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of translation, what is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules?

    <p>To carry specific amino acids and decode the mRNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes during the translation process?

    <p>To serve as a platform for the assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis maintains the diploid chromosome number, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number to haploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the initiation phase during protein synthesis?

    <p>To facilitate the binding of tRNA molecules to the mRNA at the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of DNA polymerase enzymes during DNA replication?

    <p>They proofread and correct errors to ensure the fidelity of replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the termination phase during protein synthesis?

    <p>To signal the release of the completed polypeptide chain from the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the elongation phase during DNA replication?

    <p>To add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>To maintain the diploid chromosome number after fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the significance of random assortment during meiosis?

    <p>It contributes to the introduction of genetic variation within a species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process during meiosis introduces genetic diversity through new combinations of genes on each chromosome?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, what does non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 result in?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event characterizes anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Centromeres divide, and sister chromatids separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To produce gametes for sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process during meiosis is responsible for introducing genetic variation through new combinations of chromosomes?

    <p>Both crossing over and random assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It facilitates the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis results in the formation of haploid daughter cells?

    <p>Telophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which DNA ensures the accurate transmission of genetic information during replication?

    <p>The specific pairing of adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine via hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA in the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>To serve as a template for the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the significance of the double helix structure of DNA?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the regulatory regions in DNA?

    <p>To control the timing and location of gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the significance of DNA in the context of evolution?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the enzyme DNA ligase during DNA replication?

    <p>To join the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the significance of the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication?

    <p>It ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the parent DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the significance of DNA in cellular differentiation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the complementary base pairing in DNA?

    <p>It ensures the accurate replication of genetic information during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the significance of DNA in the context of biotechnology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

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