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Questions and Answers
In DNA forensics, after the DNA is amplified using PCR, what method is typically used to visualize the DNA fragments?
In DNA forensics, after the DNA is amplified using PCR, what method is typically used to visualize the DNA fragments?
- Hardy-Weinberg equation
- Nylon sheet transfer
- Agarose gel electrophoresis (correct)
- X-ray film processing
Which component of PCR is responsible for initiating the replication process by binding to specific DNA sequences?
Which component of PCR is responsible for initiating the replication process by binding to specific DNA sequences?
- DNA template
- DNA polymerase
- Primers (correct)
- dNTPs
During which stage of the PCR cycle do primers attach to the DNA strands?
During which stage of the PCR cycle do primers attach to the DNA strands?
- Elongation
- Annealing (correct)
- Extension
- Denaturation
What role does the size of a DNA fragment play in its migration through an agarose gel during electrophoresis?
What role does the size of a DNA fragment play in its migration through an agarose gel during electrophoresis?
Why are fruit flies (Drosophila) commonly used in genetic research?
Why are fruit flies (Drosophila) commonly used in genetic research?
What characteristics can be used to differentiate male fruit flies from female fruit flies?
What characteristics can be used to differentiate male fruit flies from female fruit flies?
Approximately how long does it take for a fruit fly to develop from an egg to an adult?
Approximately how long does it take for a fruit fly to develop from an egg to an adult?
In a typical fruit fly genetics lab, what is the purpose of setting up reciprocal crosses?
In a typical fruit fly genetics lab, what is the purpose of setting up reciprocal crosses?
Why is it important to remove parent flies from the F1 vials after observing that the F1 generation has emerged?
Why is it important to remove parent flies from the F1 vials after observing that the F1 generation has emerged?
In a fruit fly genetics experiment, what is the next step after setting up F2 generation vials to analyze offspring traits?
In a fruit fly genetics experiment, what is the next step after setting up F2 generation vials to analyze offspring traits?
Flashcards
DNA Forensics
DNA Forensics
Process to obtain and analyze DNA profiles for identification.
Steps in DNA Forensics
Steps in DNA Forensics
Isolating cheek cells, PCR amplification, gel electrophoresis, and results analysis using Hardy-Weinberg equation.
Components of PCR
Components of PCR
DNA template, dNTPs (A, T, C, G), primers, DNA polymerase, and buffer.
PCR Cycle Stages
PCR Cycle Stages
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Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis
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Fruit Fly Advantages
Fruit Fly Advantages
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Identifying Male Flies
Identifying Male Flies
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Fruit Fly Life Cycle
Fruit Fly Life Cycle
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Fruit Fly Crosses
Fruit Fly Crosses
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Study Notes
- Patterns are transferred to nylon sheets and probed, which allows for the identification of distinct DNA profiles after X-ray film processing
- Radioactive probes were originally used, but modern methods often use fluorescent tags
DNA Forensics Procedure
- Cheek cell isolation is the first step to obtain DNA
- PCR amplification of the desired DNA fragment follows the isolation
- Visualization is achieved through agarose gel electrophoresis
- Results are analyzed using the Hardy-Weinberg equation
Components of PCR
- DNA template is needed
- dNTPs (A, T, C, G) are required building blocks
- Primers initiate replication by binding to the DNA
- DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands
- Buffer maintains optimal enzyme activity
PCR Process Overview
- Denaturation involves heating to separate DNA strands
- Annealing cools the mixture, allowing primers to attach
- Extension uses DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands
- DNA molecules increase exponentially with each cycle
Visualization of DNA Fragments
- Gel electrophoresis is used to visualize amplified DNA fragments
- Longer fragments migrate slower
- Shorter fragments move faster
Fruit Fly Genetics Overview
- Fruit flies are used as model organisms in genetics
- Key attributes include ease of handling, a short life cycle, and controlled mating
- Drosophila has been used in genetic investigations for cloning and sequencing
Identification of Sex in Fruit Flies
- Males are smaller
- Males have darker abdomens
- Males possess sex combs
Life Cycle of Drosophila
- Development from egg to adult takes 12 days
- The life cycle includes egg hatching, multiple larval stages (instars), pupae, and adults
- Females mature in 8 hours and are ready for mating and egg-laying
Steps in Fruit Fly Genetics Lab
- Reciprocal crosses are set up to create the F1 generation
- Parent flies are removed from F1 vials after observation
- F2 generation vials are set up to analyze offspring traits
- F1 parents are removed from F2 vials
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