DNA Damage and Repair Quiz
40 Questions
1 Views

DNA Damage and Repair Quiz

Created by
@SteadyMetaphor

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is primarily responsible for the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components during chronic inflammation?

  • Fibroblasts (correct)
  • Neutrophils
  • Epithelial cells
  • Macrophages

    • What role do Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play in cancer development?

  • They decrease inflammation.
  • They inhibit cellular growth.
  • They increase oxidative stress. (correct)
  • They repair DNA damage.

    • Which condition is characterized by excessive scar tissue formation in the liver?

  • Renal fibrosis
  • Cardiac fibrosis
  • Liver fibrosis (correct)
  • Pulmonary fibrosis

    • What is a common consequence of pulmonary fibrosis?

    <p>Thickening and scarring of lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA damage is specifically caused by ionizing radiation?

    <p>Double-Strand Breaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of inefficient DNA repair mechanisms?

    <p>Genomic instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inability to resolve inflammation properly can lead to which of the following outcomes?

    <p>Continuous tissue remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves two adjacent thymine bases becoming covalently bonded, disrupting DNA function?

    <p>Thymine Dimers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cardiac fibrosis, what is primarily affected?

    <p>Heart tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic oxidative stress contribute to cancer?

    <p>By promoting inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type's overproduction is primarily involved in excessive ECM deposition during chronic inflammation?

    <p>Fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high-energy radiation exposure have in terms of cancer risk?

    <p>It increases the risk of cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to liver fibrosis?

    <p>Viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cardiac fibrosis have on health?

    <p>Leads to heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to DNA when it undergoes persistent damage due to radiation?

    <p>It results in genomic instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following repair mechanisms can fix double-strand breaks in DNA?

    <p>Non-homologous end joining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?

    <p>Byproducts of cellular metabolism that can cause oxidative damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What DNA damage can UV radiation specifically cause?

    <p>Thymine dimers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does acetaldehyde play in DNA damage?

    <p>It forms DNA adducts that increase mutation risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of damage does ionizing radiation typically lead to?

    <p>Double-strand breaks (DSBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of not repairing methylation errors in DNA?

    <p>Increased risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical agent is often associated with increased DNA adduct formation?

    <p>Acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do external chemical agents like those found in tobacco smoke affect DNA?

    <p>They chemically modify DNA, leading to damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of oxidative stress leading to DNA damage?

    <p>Metabolic byproducts such as ROS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Golgi apparatus play in the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)?

    <p>It is involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Golgi apparatus influence the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)?

    <p>By sorting and modifying proteins that aid in cell migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of altered Golgi function in cancer cells?

    <p>Enhanced secretion of proteins promoting cell migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the Golgi apparatus support cancer cell proliferation?

    <p>By modifying and sorting proteins required for cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Barrett's esophagus?

    <p>Replacement of squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Golgi apparatus in the context of cancer metastasis?

    <p>It promotes the secretion of factors that facilitate invasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells?

    <p>Cells gain migratory and invasive properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the Golgi apparatus be linked to increased cancer cell invasion?

    <p>By enhancing the production of proteases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in relation to cancer?

    <p>They allow damaged cells to survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mutations in proto-oncogenes contribute to cancer development?

    <p>They lead to activation promoting cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms by carcinogens?

    <p>Accumulation of mutations over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows cancer cells to survive despite significant DNA damage?

    <p>Evasion of apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes cell cycle deregulation in cancer?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell proliferation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do accumulated mutations have in the context of cancer development?

    <p>They can lead normal cells to become cancerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of tumor suppressor genes is critical in preventing cancer?

    <p>Facilitating apoptosis in damaged cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do carcinogens play in the context of cancer cell behavior?

    <p>They inhibit cell apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Damage and Repair

    • Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Byproducts of normal cellular metabolism that can cause oxidative damage to DNA.
    • Metabolic Byproducts: Substances like acetaldehyde from alcohol metabolism can bind to DNA and cause mutations.
    • External Sources:
      • UV Radiation: Causes thymine dimers, where two adjacent thymine bases in DNA bind together.
      • Ionizing Radiation: Leads to various types of DNA damage including double-strand breaks.
      • Chemical Agents: Found in tobacco smoke and industrial chemicals can directly damage DNA.
    • Acetaldehyde: A toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism, it binds to DNA (forms adducts) increasing the risk of cancer in the liver and digestive tract.
    • Methylation: Another form of DNA adduct that can lead to mutations if not repaired.
    • DNA Repair Pathways: Cells have mechanisms like homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining to repair double-strand breaks. Errors during repair can lead to mutations.
    • Genomic Instability: Inefficient or faulty DNA repair results in genomic instability increased risk of cancer.
    • Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability: Radiation can cause persistent DNA damage leading to genomic instability over time.
    • Dose and Type of Radiation: The risk of cancer increases with the dose and type of radiation exposure. High-energy radiation is more damaging.

    Cellular Changes Leading to Cancer

    • Gene Mutations:
      • Tumor Suppressor Genes: Mutations in genes like TP53 can prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis, allowing damaged cells to survive and proliferate.
      • Proto-oncogenes: Mutations in genes like KRAS can lead to their activation, promoting uncontrolled cell growth.
    • Inhibition of DNA Repair: Carcinogens can inhibit DNA repair mechanisms, leading to the accumulation of mutations.
    • Promotion of Uncontrolled Cell Growth:
      • Cell Cycle Deregulation: Carcinogens can disrupt cell cycle control leading to uncontrollable cell proliferation.
      • Evasion of Apoptosis: Cancer cells often develop mechanisms to evade programmed cell death (apoptosis), allowing them to survive despite significant DNA damage.

    Extracellular Matrix and Cancer

    • Excessive ECM Deposition: Chronic inflammation leads to excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen by fibroblasts.
    • Failure in Resolution: Inability to resolve inflammation properly results in continuous tissue remodeling and scarring.
    • Examples of ECM-Related Disorders:
      • Liver fibrosis: Excessive scar tissue in the liver, often due to chronic hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
      • Pulmonary fibrosis: Thickening and scarring of lung tissue, reducing lung function.
      • Cardiac fibrosis: Scarring of heart tissue, impairing heart function and potentially leading to heart failure.
    • Matrix Degradation: The Golgi apparatus is involved in the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and other proteases, which degrade the ECM and facilitate cancer cell invasion.

    Golg Apparatus Function in Cancer

    • Role in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT): The Golgi apparatus plays a key role in EMT, a process where cancer cells gain migratory and invasive properties. This transition is essential for metastasis.
    • Protein Secretion and Migration: Changes in Golgi function can lead to increased secretion of proteins that promote cell migration and invasion, aiding in the spread of cancer cells.
    • Impact on Cell Proliferation: The Golgi apparatus supports rapid proliferation of cancer cells by modifying and sorting proteins necessary for cell growth and division.

    Metaplasia and Dysplasia

    • Metaplasia: Normal tissue transformed into another type.
    • Dysplasia: Abnormal cell growth and development.

    Barret's Esophagus:

    • Involves the transformation of the normal squamous epithelium lining the esophagus into columnar epithelium, which is more typical of the intestinal lining. This is a metaplasia change.
    • Caused by: Chronic acid reflux, often related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is a risk factor for esophageal cancer.

    Oxidative Stress and Cancer

    • Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Chemical carcinogens can increase ROS levels leading to oxidative stress and damage to cellular components.
    • Inflammation: Chronic oxidative stress causes inflammation which is a known cancer promoter.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Mid-Sem Test 2 CAM107 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the causes and mechanisms of DNA damage and repair processes. This quiz covers topics such as the effects of reactive oxygen species, UV and ionizing radiation, and various chemical agents on DNA integrity. Understand how cells counteract these damages through specialized repair pathways.

    More Like This

    DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms Quiz
    10 questions

    DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms Quiz

    AmazingNash avatar
    AmazingNash
    DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms
    14 questions

    DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms

    LuxuryWerewolf avatar
    LuxuryWerewolf
    DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms
    42 questions

    DNA Damage and Repair Mechanisms

    FancyJacksonville avatar
    FancyJacksonville
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser