Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of bond is formed between nucleotides in DNA?
What type of bond is formed between nucleotides in DNA?
In DNA, what type of bond links adenine with thymine?
In DNA, what type of bond links adenine with thymine?
What is the primary structure of RNA?
What is the primary structure of RNA?
How many hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine in DNA?
How many hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine in DNA?
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What is present at the 5’ end of a nucleic acid strand?
What is present at the 5’ end of a nucleic acid strand?
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How are nucleotides linked in a double helix structure of DNA?
How are nucleotides linked in a double helix structure of DNA?
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What was the main conclusion drawn by Griffith from his experiment?
What was the main conclusion drawn by Griffith from his experiment?
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Why are bacteria of the 'S' strain pathogenic according to the text?
Why are bacteria of the 'S' strain pathogenic according to the text?
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What does the term 'transformation' refer to in Griffith's experiment?
What does the term 'transformation' refer to in Griffith's experiment?
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Why were some living cells of the nonpathogenic strain transformed into pathogenic cells in Griffith's experiment?
Why were some living cells of the nonpathogenic strain transformed into pathogenic cells in Griffith's experiment?
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What additional evidence supported DNA as the genetic material according to the text?
What additional evidence supported DNA as the genetic material according to the text?
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What role did heat-killed cells play in Griffith's experiment?
What role did heat-killed cells play in Griffith's experiment?
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What did Watson and Crick conclude regarding the pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?
What did Watson and Crick conclude regarding the pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?
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According to Franklin's model, how are the sugar-phosphate backbones arranged in DNA?
According to Franklin's model, how are the sugar-phosphate backbones arranged in DNA?
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How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine in a DNA base pair?
How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine in a DNA base pair?
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Which of the following nitrogenous bases is a pyrimidine present in DNA and RNA?
Which of the following nitrogenous bases is a pyrimidine present in DNA and RNA?
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In Franklin's space-filling model of DNA, how are the nitrogenous bases arranged?
In Franklin's space-filling model of DNA, how are the nitrogenous bases arranged?
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Which statement describes the pairing of cytosine and guanine in DNA?
Which statement describes the pairing of cytosine and guanine in DNA?
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What is the complementary base sequence for the given DNA section: A-G-T-C-C-A-A-T-C?
What is the complementary base sequence for the given DNA section: A-G-T-C-C-A-A-T-C?
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What is the main function of RNA in the genetic code?
What is the main function of RNA in the genetic code?
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Which type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes?
Which type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes?
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What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?
What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?
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What is the significance of the anticodon on transfer RNA (tRNA)?
What is the significance of the anticodon on transfer RNA (tRNA)?
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During DNA replication, what happens to the parent strands?
During DNA replication, what happens to the parent strands?
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Which nitrogen base is unique to DNA but not found in RNA?
Which nitrogen base is unique to DNA but not found in RNA?
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In which type of nucleic acid is uracil found as a nitrogen base?
In which type of nucleic acid is uracil found as a nitrogen base?
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What type of sugar is found in DNA, distinguishing it from RNA?
What type of sugar is found in DNA, distinguishing it from RNA?
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How are nucleosides named based on their nitrogen base?
How are nucleosides named based on their nitrogen base?
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What defines a nucleotide as compared to a nucleoside?
What defines a nucleotide as compared to a nucleoside?
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How do nucleotides form according to the text?
How do nucleotides form according to the text?
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Study Notes
DNA Structure and Bonds
- Nucleotides in DNA are linked by phosphodiester bonds.
- Adenine pairs with thymine through two hydrogen bonds.
- Guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine in DNA.
- At the 5’ end of a nucleic acid strand, a phosphate group is present.
- In the double helix structure of DNA, nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next.
Griffith's Experiment
- Griffith concluded that a 'transforming principle' could convert nonpathogenic bacteria into pathogenic ones.
- Bacteria of the 'S' strain are pathogenic due to their ability to produce a protective capsule that prevents phagocytosis.
- The term 'transformation' in Griffith's experiment refers to the process by which nonpathogenic bacterial cells acquired virulence from heat-killed pathogenic cells.
- Some living cells of the nonpathogenic strain became pathogenic due to the uptake of genetic material from the heat-killed 'S' strain.
Evidence for DNA as Genetic Material
- Further supporting evidence for DNA as the genetic material came from the identification and experimentation of nucleic acids, establishing their role in heredity.
- Heat-killed cells served as a source of genetic material that transformed nonpathogenic cells during the experiment.
Base Pairing and DNA Structure
- Watson and Crick concluded that nitrogenous bases pair specifically, with adenine always pairing with thymine and guanine pairing with cytosine.
- According to Franklin's model, sugar-phosphate backbones in DNA run in opposite directions (antiparallel).
- A DNA base pair of adenine and thymine is held together by two hydrogen bonds.
Nitrogenous Bases
- Cytosine and guanine pair through three hydrogen bonds.
- Thymine is a pyrimidine nitrogenous base found only in DNA.
- Uracil is a nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA.
- In DNA, deoxyribose sugar distinguishes it from ribose sugar in RNA.
RNA Functions
- RNA's primary function is to serve as a messenger carrying genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes.
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) is responsible for carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) helps in protein synthesis by transporting specific amino acids to the ribosome.
- The anticodon on tRNA is significant as it complements the mRNA codon, ensuring the correct amino acid is added during translation.
Nucleotides and Nucleosides
- Nucleosides are named based on their nitrogen base, with a prefix indicating the type (e.g., adenosine for adenine).
- A nucleotide is defined as a nucleoside with an added phosphate group.
- Nucleotides are formed when a phosphate group is attached to the sugar of a nucleoside.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA, including the differences between thymine and uracil. Explore the pentose sugars used in both DNA and RNA, as well as the distinction between ribose and deoxyribose.