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Perque le pacientes con hypertension non debe consumir troppo sal?

  • Proque le sodio non ha effectos in le sistema vascular.
  • Proque le sodio causa un aumento del pH sanguin.
  • Proque le concentration de Na+ alt causa un aumento del volume sanguin. (correct)
  • Proque le sodio inhibit le secretion de ADH.

    • Que sucede durante le perdita excesiva de aqua in le corpo?

  • Le sistema RAAS es activate pro adjuvar a controlar le pH. (correct)
  • Le concentration de H+ non es afficite.
  • Le pressione sanguin aumenta immediate.
  • Le ADH es secretate pro regula le pressione sanguin.

    • Qual es le principale function del bicarbonato in le sangue?

  • Transporto de H+ in le cellulas.
  • Produccion de sodio in le renes.
  • Regulamento del volume sanguin.
  • Buffer que stabilisa le pH sanguin. (correct)

    • Como le corpo responde a un aumento in concentration de H+?

    <p>Le secretion de H+ es augmentate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo sucede quando le concentration de CO2 in le sangue aumenta?

    <p>Le respiration es accelerate pro expelli CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le effetto de un alta concentration de Na+ in le sanguine?

    <p>Aumento del pression sanguin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le effectos del sistema RAAS post le perdita de sangue?

    <p>Stabilisa le pression sanguin nonostante le volume sanguin diminuente.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Per qual motivo le collectione de urina non es considerate un parte del nefron?

    <p>Porque ha un different origine embryonic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo es le consequence quando le pH sanguin diminui?

    <p>Le secretion de H+ es augmentate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le numero maximal de nefrons per reno?

    <p>1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual tipo de nefron predomina in le cortex?

    <p>Cortical nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le principale function del glomerulus in le processo de filtration?

    <p>Filtrar solutos basate sur reno pression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le porcentaje del fluid filtrate qui es reabsorpite in le reno?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In le processo de reabsorption, quale de le sequente es un methodo de reabsorption de glucose?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es la composicion de le liquidu filtrate initial?

    <p>Water, electrolytes, glucose e amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que es le Rete de microvasculature circumjacent al reno tubulos?

    <p>Rete peritubular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In le formation de urina, qual es le duo principale processus involucrate?

    <p>Reabsorption e secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le principal causa del GFR variation intra un corpus?

    <p>Variatio de blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale forma de elimination de residuos azotados es le plus probable pro organismos vivant in regiones deserte?

    <p>Acido urico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quai è le naturo del sistema de excretion del annelide, como le lombrico?

    <p>Utilisa metanephridia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale function del 'contractile vacuole' in protozoi como le paramecium?

    <p>Regulat le pressura osmotica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quai tipo de organismos utiliza diffusion directe pro eliminal residuos azotados?

    <p>Aquatic protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quai statement es correcte super le proceso de excretion in annelides?

    <p>Le urin es formate per filtration del liquido corpore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quai structura specialisate es associate con le processu de excretion in planarians?

    <p>Nephridia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale est le principal maladia de aquo pro organismos aquatico como le paramecium?

    <p>Accumulation de aquo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quai es le methodo de excretion que utiliza insectes e arthropodes terrestres?

    <p>Malpighian tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale es le resultato de un aquo excessive in le cellulas de organismi aquatica?

    <p>Le cellulas se dilata e pote exploder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le percentuale de urea que es reabsorbite per le renes?

    <p>Basse, major parte es excretate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual substance es excretate per active transport in le tubulos renale?

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le principale function del creatinina in relation a le function renal?

    <p>Indicator del function renal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo es le relation inter le urine e le substantes filtrate in le glomerulo?

    <p>Le urine non contine glucose si es completemente reabsorbite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In qual circonstancia le nivel de BUN (nitrogeno ureico sanguine) pote elevarse?

    <p>Quando il non ha sufficiente flux sanguine al renes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le percentuale de acido urico que es reabsorbe post-filtration?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo significa un altitude in le ratio de creatinina de urine a creatinina sanguinea?

    <p>Le function renal es deteriorate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo non es un componente usual in le urine humana?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le consequence de un intake excessive de vitamina B2 pro le colore de urine?

    <p>Urine habera un colure profund yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale statement representa un misconception commun in relation al urine?

    <p>Le urine debe contener proteinas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le principale causa del excretio in organismos vivente?

    <p>Accumulate de productos metabolicos nocivos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual de le sequente es un tipo de producto metabolic contenente nitrogeno?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le forma principal de excretar nitrogeno pro animales aquatico juveniles como le tadpole?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le principal differente inter excretio e defecation?

    <p>Excretio concerne residuos de cellulas, defecation concerne residuos de alimenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual de le sequente es un consecuencia de disfunctio hepática?

    <p>Incapacitate de metabolizar ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le forma de excretio que demanda le plus de aqua pro diluer le substantiis toxic?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo es un caracteristica de uric acid in relation al sua toxicitate?

    <p>Es le minus toxic de le methodos de excretio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le principal differente inter ammonia e urea durante le processo de excretio?

    <p>Urea es formate de ammonia e carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In qual situatio un individuo potrebbe experimentar crisi de gout?

    <p>Quando uric acid es elevate in le sangu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale soluto se trova in quantitate minoritaria in urina de personas sanas?

    <p>Proteínas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es la dimension maxima de substancias que pote devenir filtrate per le glomerulo?

    <p>8 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale effecto causa la dialyse sanguínea?

    <p>Reducere de urea in sanguine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale parte del sistema urinario es responsabile pro la reabsorptione de aquam?

    <p>Rinone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale hormona es secretate per le hypothalamus pro regolar le equilibrio de aquam?

    <p>Antidiuretica (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le effecto de caffea e alcohol sur le secretion de ADH?

    <p>Decrease de secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale mecanismo controlla le concentrationes de sodio (Na+) in le sanguine?

    <p>Sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale parte del reno detecta le cambios in le pression sanguinea?

    <p>JGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo causa le incremento de ADH in caso de alta osmolaritate?

    <p>Alta concentrazione de sodio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale structura in le renes es implicate in la liberate de minerale como potassium (K+)?

    <p>Nefrone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale es un efeito del peptido natriuretico atrial (ANP) in le corpo?

    <p>Decrease de sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quo ha un effecto contra le secretion de renina?

    <p>Incremento de Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale parte del hypotalamus es extremo importante pro regolar le aquam e calor?

    <p>Nucleo de preoptico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Excretion

    • Excretion is the process by which animals eliminate metabolic waste products.
    • Metabolic waste products are the by-products of cellular metabolism that cannot be used by the animal.
    • These waste products include carbon dioxide, water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes.
    • Nitrogenous wastes are ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
    • Different animals excrete these waste products in different forms, depending on their environment.
    • Animals that live in water can excrete ammonia directly into the water.
    • Animals that live on land excrete urea or uric acid to conserve water.
    • Ammonia is toxic, and animals must convert it into a less toxic form before excretion.
    • Urea is less toxic than ammonia and can be excreted with less water loss.
    • Uric acid is the least toxic form of nitrogenous waste and is excreted with minimal water loss.

    Types of Nitrogenous wastes

    • Ammonia: highly toxic, excreted by aquatic animals.
    • Urea: less toxic than ammonia, excreted by mammals and some amphibians.
    • Uric acid: least toxic, excreted by birds and reptiles.

    Excretory organs

    • Various excretory structures exist depending on the organism's lifestyle and stage.
    • Aquatic animals like aquatic invertebrates, can excrete waste through osmosis.
    • Some animals have specialized organs for excretion, such as kidneys in mammals, gills in fish, lungs in humans, or skin in amphibians.

    Excretion in other organisms

    • The excretory organ in insects is the Malpighian tubule.
    • The excretory organ in flatworms is the protonephridia or flame cells.
    • The excretory organ in annelids is metanephridia (eg. earthworm).
    • The excretory organ in many vertebrates is the kidney in nephrons.

    Kidney Functions

    • Filter blood to remove waste products and regulate water balance.
    • Regulate water balance by reabsorbing water from filtrate.
    • Regulate blood pressure.
    • Assist in maintaining homeostasis by balancing electrolytes (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺).
    • Remove toxins.

    Human Excretion

    • The human excretory system includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.
    • Kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and produce urine.
    • Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder.
    • The bladder stores urine until it is expelled from the body through the urethra.

    Homeostatic control of water in humans

    • The hypothalamus receives information about the body's fluid balance.
    • The hypothalamus releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
    • ADH acts on the collecting ducts in the kidneys, increasing water reabsorption.
    • ADH secretion is regulated by the concentration of sodium and water in the blood.
    • Water reabsorption conserves water within the body to maintain homeostasis.
    • Dehydration increases blood osmolarity; increased osmolarity stimulates ADH secretion and, therefore, more water reabsorption and increased water conservation.

    Blood vs. Urine vs. Filtrate

    • Blood contains many nutrients, proteins, and blood cells.
    • Filtrate does not contain high levels of protein or blood cells.
    • Urine contains only waste products like urea and excess water.

    Regulation of Blood Pressure

    • Blood pressure regulation requires many components involving the heart (eg., CO₂ regulation and arterial pressure).
    • Regulation of blood pressure is maintained by the kidney.
    • Blood pressure can be affected by factors such as blood volume, electrolytes, and hormones.
    • The kidney helps to maintain adequate blood volume by reabsorbing or excreting water and electrolytes.
    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) helps to regulate blood pressure by regulating the production of hormones that regulate blood pressure and volume.
    • The RAAS system is triggered by low blood pressure and/or low blood volume.

    Kidney Disease

    • Kidney disease can lead to various symptoms and complications.
    • Kidney disease can result from many factors, e.g., diabetes, high blood pressure, or inflammation.
    • Kidney disease can be fatal if not treated on time.
    • Loss of function can lead to decreased filtration, therefore, an increase in concentration of wastes.

    Dialysis

    • Blood dialysis replaces or regulates water balance in people with impaired or non-functional kidney function.
    • Dialysis removes wastes from the bloodstream to prevent further body damage.

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