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Questions and Answers

Perque le pacientes con hypertension non debe consumir troppo sal?

  • Proque le sodio non ha effectos in le sistema vascular.
  • Proque le sodio causa un aumento del pH sanguin.
  • Proque le concentration de Na+ alt causa un aumento del volume sanguin. (correct)
  • Proque le sodio inhibit le secretion de ADH.

Que sucede durante le perdita excesiva de aqua in le corpo?

  • Le sistema RAAS es activate pro adjuvar a controlar le pH. (correct)
  • Le concentration de H+ non es afficite.
  • Le pressione sanguin aumenta immediate.
  • Le ADH es secretate pro regula le pressione sanguin.

Qual es le principale function del bicarbonato in le sangue?

  • Transporto de H+ in le cellulas.
  • Produccion de sodio in le renes.
  • Regulamento del volume sanguin.
  • Buffer que stabilisa le pH sanguin. (correct)

Como le corpo responde a un aumento in concentration de H+?

<p>Le secretion de H+ es augmentate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo sucede quando le concentration de CO2 in le sangue aumenta?

<p>Le respiration es accelerate pro expelli CO2. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le effetto de un alta concentration de Na+ in le sanguine?

<p>Aumento del pression sanguin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le effectos del sistema RAAS post le perdita de sangue?

<p>Stabilisa le pression sanguin nonostante le volume sanguin diminuente. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Per qual motivo le collectione de urina non es considerate un parte del nefron?

<p>Porque ha un different origine embryonic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le consequence quando le pH sanguin diminui?

<p>Le secretion de H+ es augmentate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le numero maximal de nefrons per reno?

<p>1 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual tipo de nefron predomina in le cortex?

<p>Cortical nephrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principale function del glomerulus in le processo de filtration?

<p>Filtrar solutos basate sur reno pression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le porcentaje del fluid filtrate qui es reabsorpite in le reno?

<p>99% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In le processo de reabsorption, quale de le sequente es un methodo de reabsorption de glucose?

<p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es la composicion de le liquidu filtrate initial?

<p>Water, electrolytes, glucose e amino acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Que es le Rete de microvasculature circumjacent al reno tubulos?

<p>Rete peritubular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In le formation de urina, qual es le duo principale processus involucrate?

<p>Reabsorption e secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principal causa del GFR variation intra un corpus?

<p>Variatio de blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale forma de elimination de residuos azotados es le plus probable pro organismos vivant in regiones deserte?

<p>Acido urico (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quai è le naturo del sistema de excretion del annelide, como le lombrico?

<p>Utilisa metanephridia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale function del 'contractile vacuole' in protozoi como le paramecium?

<p>Regulat le pressura osmotica (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quai tipo de organismos utiliza diffusion directe pro eliminal residuos azotados?

<p>Aquatic protozoa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quai statement es correcte super le proceso de excretion in annelides?

<p>Le urin es formate per filtration del liquido corpore. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quai structura specialisate es associate con le processu de excretion in planarians?

<p>Nephridia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale est le principal maladia de aquo pro organismos aquatico como le paramecium?

<p>Accumulation de aquo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quai es le methodo de excretion que utiliza insectes e arthropodes terrestres?

<p>Malpighian tubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale es le resultato de un aquo excessive in le cellulas de organismi aquatica?

<p>Le cellulas se dilata e pote exploder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le percentuale de urea que es reabsorbite per le renes?

<p>Basse, major parte es excretate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual substance es excretate per active transport in le tubulos renale?

<p>K+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principale function del creatinina in relation a le function renal?

<p>Indicator del function renal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le relation inter le urine e le substantes filtrate in le glomerulo?

<p>Le urine non contine glucose si es completemente reabsorbite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qual circonstancia le nivel de BUN (nitrogeno ureico sanguine) pote elevarse?

<p>Quando il non ha sufficiente flux sanguine al renes (B), Quando il existe obstruczione in le tracto urinario (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le percentuale de acido urico que es reabsorbe post-filtration?

<p>98% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo significa un altitude in le ratio de creatinina de urine a creatinina sanguinea?

<p>Le function renal es deteriorate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo non es un componente usual in le urine humana?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le consequence de un intake excessive de vitamina B2 pro le colore de urine?

<p>Urine habera un colure profund yellow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale statement representa un misconception commun in relation al urine?

<p>Le urine debe contener proteinas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principale causa del excretio in organismos vivente?

<p>Accumulate de productos metabolicos nocivos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual de le sequente es un tipo de producto metabolic contenente nitrogeno?

<p>Urea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le forma principal de excretar nitrogeno pro animales aquatico juveniles como le tadpole?

<p>Ammonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principal differente inter excretio e defecation?

<p>Excretio concerne residuos de cellulas, defecation concerne residuos de alimenta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual de le sequente es un consecuencia de disfunctio hepática?

<p>Incapacitate de metabolizar ammonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le forma de excretio que demanda le plus de aqua pro diluer le substantiis toxic?

<p>Ammonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo es un caracteristica de uric acid in relation al sua toxicitate?

<p>Es le minus toxic de le methodos de excretio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le principal differente inter ammonia e urea durante le processo de excretio?

<p>Urea es formate de ammonia e carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qual situatio un individuo potrebbe experimentar crisi de gout?

<p>Quando uric acid es elevate in le sangu (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale soluto se trova in quantitate minoritaria in urina de personas sanas?

<p>Proteínas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es la dimension maxima de substancias que pote devenir filtrate per le glomerulo?

<p>8 nm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale effecto causa la dialyse sanguínea?

<p>Reducere de urea in sanguine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale parte del sistema urinario es responsabile pro la reabsorptione de aquam?

<p>Rinone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale hormona es secretate per le hypothalamus pro regolar le equilibrio de aquam?

<p>Antidiuretica (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le effecto de caffea e alcohol sur le secretion de ADH?

<p>Decrease de secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale mecanismo controlla le concentrationes de sodio (Na+) in le sanguine?

<p>Sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale parte del reno detecta le cambios in le pression sanguinea?

<p>JGA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo causa le incremento de ADH in caso de alta osmolaritate?

<p>Alta concentrazione de sodio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale structura in le renes es implicate in la liberate de minerale como potassium (K+)?

<p>Nefrone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale es un efeito del peptido natriuretico atrial (ANP) in le corpo?

<p>Decrease de sodium reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quo ha un effecto contra le secretion de renina?

<p>Incremento de Na+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale parte del hypotalamus es extremo importante pro regolar le aquam e calor?

<p>Nucleo de preoptico (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Excretion

Le processo de eliminare le residui metabolico del corpo animal.

Metabolic waste

Le residui del reactiones chimic in le corpo de un organismo.

Nitrogenous waste

Le residui de le metabolismo de proteina e acido nucleico.

Ammonia

Un residuo nitrogenoso toxic, usual in aqua habitante animales.

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Urea

Un residuo nitrogenoso con minor toxicitate, e solubile in aqua.

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Uric acid

Un residuo nitrogenoso con le minor toxicitate, e insolubile in aqua.

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Excretion organ

Le organos responsibile pro eliminare le residui metabolico.

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Respiration organ

Le organos in le corpo animal responsabile pro eliminare CO2.

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Egestion

Le processo de eliminar imdigerite materia.

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Hepatic encephalopathy

Le condicion in que ammonia accumulare in le sangue, causante cerebrale danno.

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Gout

Le condition causate per accumulation de acido uric in le articulations, causante inflammation.

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Evolutionary source

Le factor influenente le elimination de nitrogenous waste.

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Habitat

Le environment in que un animal vive, influenente le elimination de nitrogenous waste.

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Elimination de residui nitrogenoso in deserto

Le animales in deserto probabilemente eliminate residui nitrogenoso in le forma de acido uric.

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Organo de excretion in aqua animales

Le animales aquatic simple, como le infusoria, usa le superficie corporal pro eliminar residui.

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Fonction de le vacuole contractile

Le vacuole contractile regula le nivele de aqua in le cellula de animales aquatic.

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Proto-nephridia

Le proto-nephridia es le organo de excretion in multe platyhelmintes, consistente de un rete de tubulos e cellulas ciliate.

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Metanephridia

Le metanephridia es le organo de excretion in le annelides, como le lombrico.

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Fonction de le nephridie

Le nephridia filtra le fluido corporeal e eliminate le residui nitrogenoso e le excesso de aqua e sal.

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Tubulo de Malpighi

Le tubulos de Malpighi es le organo de excretion in le insectos e altere arthropodes.

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Collezione de urina tubo

Le structure in le rene responsabile pro collectire le urina e transporta illo al urina tubo

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Nephron

Le functional unit del rene, responsabile pro filtrar le sangue e producer le urina.

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Origine embriologico differente

Le collezione de urina tubo e le nephron ha differente developpamentos embriologico, explica le distinction inter illo.

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Renal cortical nephron

Le type de nephron principale in le cortex renal, occupante circa 80%.

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Renal juxtamedullary nephron

Le type de nephron principale in le medulla renal, occupante circa 20%.

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Filtration rate del glomerulo

Le volume de liquido filtrate per le glomeruli in un unitate de tempore.

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Re-absorption

Le processo in que le renales tubulos re-absorb utile substancias de le urina filtrate.

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Secretion

Le processo in que le substancias essente in le sangue es secrete in le tubulos renales.

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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Le volume de liquido filtrate per le glomeruli in un unitate de tempore.

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Excretion

Le processus per le quale le residui metabolico es eliminate del corpo.

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Re-absorption in Renal Tubules

Le processo per que le corpo re-absorbe essential substancias, como glucose e aminoacidos, del filtrato renal, retornante a le circulation sanguinea.

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Filtration in Glomerulus

Le processo in le glomerulus que separata le substancias de le sangue in le plasma e forma le filtrato renal, permittente le passage de petites moleculas.

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Secretion in Renal Tubules

Le processo per que le cellas del tubulos renal move substancias del circulation sanguinea al filtrato renal, pro esser eliminate con le urina.

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Composition of Urine

Le composicion chimic del urina, que consite principalemente de aqua, con residui metabolico como urea e substancias solubles.

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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Le level de urea in le sangue, un indicator del fonction renal, e un producto de metabolismo proteina.

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Creatinine

Un producto de metabolismo muscular que es un indicator del function renal, e es eliminate principalemente per le renes.

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Creatinine Clearance Rate (CCR)

Un mesura de le capacita del renes a filtra creatinine del sangue, reflectente le function renal.

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Uric Acid

Un residuo metabolico que altere organisms eliminate per le vias urinarios in differente quantitas.

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High Blood Pressure and Salt Intake

High sodium concentration in the blood elevates osmotic pressure, causing the blood to absorb more water and increase blood volume, thus raising blood pressure.

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Fluid Loss vs. Blood Loss Regulation

Fluid loss triggers changes in blood osmotic pressure and volume (blood pressure), regulated by ADH and RAAS. Blood loss, while lowering volume and pressure, does not affect osmotic pressure; RAAS is the primary response.

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Blood pH Regulation

Blood contains buffers (primarily HCO3- and HPO42-) that keep the pH relatively stable, preventing major fluctuations.

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High H+ Concentration Response

High H+ concentration stimulates the kidneys to increase H+ excretion (secondary active transport) and the lungs to increase CO2 excretion, decreasing acidity.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

A critical process that maintains the balance of sodium and potassium ions in the cell.

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Hydrogen Ions and Buffers

Excess hydrogen ions combine with ammonia (NH3) and phosphate (Na2HPO4) in the filtrate, forming ammonia (NH4) and dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), respectively.

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Source of Hydrogen Ions

Carbon dioxide reacting with water forms hydrogen ions and bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the presence of carbonic anhydrase in kidney cells.

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High H+ Level and HCO3- Reabsorption

Increased hydrogen ion concentration (high acidity) stimulates greater reabsorption of bicarbonate ions, a crucial action to counteract acidosis.

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Respiratory Regulation of H+

Changes in blood hydrogen ion concentration affect breathing rate (increasing it to eliminate CO2) adjusting to counteract H+ levels.

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Renal Filtration Rate

Le volume de liquido filtrate per le glomeruli in un unitate de tempore.

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Renal Blood Vessels

Le vasi sanguini in le rene que transportate sangue al e de le rene.

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Nephron

Le functional unit del rene responsable pro filtrar le sangue e producer le urina.

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Filtration Rate of Glomerulus

Le volume de liquido filtrate per le glomeruli in un unitate de tempore.

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Tubuli Renales

Le tubulos in le rene que reabsorb utile substancias de le urina filtrate.

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Urea

Un residuo nitrogenoso con minor toxicitate, e solubile in aqua.

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Uric Acid

Un residuo nitrogenoso con le minor toxicitate, e insolubile in aqua.

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Glomeruli

Le strutture in le nephron responsabile pro filtrar le plasma sanguinale.

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Proteinuria

Le presence de proteine in le urina.

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Blood Dialysis

Un procedura pro eliminar residui de le sangue per filtrar illo via un membrana.

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Osmolarity

Le concentration de particulas in un solution.

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ADH

Un hormone que controla le reabsorption de aqua in le rin.

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RAAS

Le sistema renin-angiotensin-aldosterone that regulates blood pressure.

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ANP

Un hormone que regule le excrecion de sodio.

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Water Homeostasis

Le mantenimento de un equilibrio del aqua intra e extra cellular.

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Electrolyte Homeostasis

Le mantenimento de un equilibrio de electrolytes intra e extracellular.

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Nitrogenous Waste

Le residui del metabolismo de proteina e acido nucleico.

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Study Notes

Excretion

  • Excretion is the process by which animals eliminate metabolic waste products.
  • Metabolic waste products are the by-products of cellular metabolism that cannot be used by the animal.
  • These waste products include carbon dioxide, water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes.
  • Nitrogenous wastes are ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
  • Different animals excrete these waste products in different forms, depending on their environment.
  • Animals that live in water can excrete ammonia directly into the water.
  • Animals that live on land excrete urea or uric acid to conserve water.
  • Ammonia is toxic, and animals must convert it into a less toxic form before excretion.
  • Urea is less toxic than ammonia and can be excreted with less water loss.
  • Uric acid is the least toxic form of nitrogenous waste and is excreted with minimal water loss.

Types of Nitrogenous wastes

  • Ammonia: highly toxic, excreted by aquatic animals.
  • Urea: less toxic than ammonia, excreted by mammals and some amphibians.
  • Uric acid: least toxic, excreted by birds and reptiles.

Excretory organs

  • Various excretory structures exist depending on the organism's lifestyle and stage.
  • Aquatic animals like aquatic invertebrates, can excrete waste through osmosis.
  • Some animals have specialized organs for excretion, such as kidneys in mammals, gills in fish, lungs in humans, or skin in amphibians.

Excretion in other organisms

  • The excretory organ in insects is the Malpighian tubule.
  • The excretory organ in flatworms is the protonephridia or flame cells.
  • The excretory organ in annelids is metanephridia (eg. earthworm).
  • The excretory organ in many vertebrates is the kidney in nephrons.

Kidney Functions

  • Filter blood to remove waste products and regulate water balance.
  • Regulate water balance by reabsorbing water from filtrate.
  • Regulate blood pressure.
  • Assist in maintaining homeostasis by balancing electrolytes (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺).
  • Remove toxins.

Human Excretion

  • The human excretory system includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.
  • Kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and produce urine.
  • Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder.
  • The bladder stores urine until it is expelled from the body through the urethra.

Homeostatic control of water in humans

  • The hypothalamus receives information about the body's fluid balance.
  • The hypothalamus releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
  • ADH acts on the collecting ducts in the kidneys, increasing water reabsorption.
  • ADH secretion is regulated by the concentration of sodium and water in the blood.
  • Water reabsorption conserves water within the body to maintain homeostasis.
  • Dehydration increases blood osmolarity; increased osmolarity stimulates ADH secretion and, therefore, more water reabsorption and increased water conservation.

Blood vs. Urine vs. Filtrate

  • Blood contains many nutrients, proteins, and blood cells.
  • Filtrate does not contain high levels of protein or blood cells.
  • Urine contains only waste products like urea and excess water.

Regulation of Blood Pressure

  • Blood pressure regulation requires many components involving the heart (eg., CO₂ regulation and arterial pressure).
  • Regulation of blood pressure is maintained by the kidney.
  • Blood pressure can be affected by factors such as blood volume, electrolytes, and hormones.
  • The kidney helps to maintain adequate blood volume by reabsorbing or excreting water and electrolytes.
  • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) helps to regulate blood pressure by regulating the production of hormones that regulate blood pressure and volume.
  • The RAAS system is triggered by low blood pressure and/or low blood volume.

Kidney Disease

  • Kidney disease can lead to various symptoms and complications.
  • Kidney disease can result from many factors, e.g., diabetes, high blood pressure, or inflammation.
  • Kidney disease can be fatal if not treated on time.
  • Loss of function can lead to decreased filtration, therefore, an increase in concentration of wastes.

Dialysis

  • Blood dialysis replaces or regulates water balance in people with impaired or non-functional kidney function.
  • Dialysis removes wastes from the bloodstream to prevent further body damage.

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