DLW-1 Opcode and Instruction Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which operation is represented by the opcode '011'?

  • Load
  • Subtract
  • Store (correct)
  • Add

All instructions must be represented in hexadecimal notation to run a program.

False (B)

What is the purpose of an opcode?

It designates a different operation in machine language instructions.

The binary values representing both the opcodes and the register codes are arranged in one number of a _____ format.

<p>16-bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following register names with their binary codes:

<p>A = 00 B = 01 C = 10 D = 11</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the load instruction in DLW-1?

<p>To load data from main memory into registers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The store instruction retrieves data from a register and loads it into main memory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the instruction 'add A, B, C' do in DLW-1?

<p>Adds the contents of registers A and B and stores the result in register C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arithmetic instructions require ___ source registers as input.

<p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following DLW-1 instructions with their descriptions:

<p>load = Load data from main memory into a register store = Store data from a register to main memory add = Perform an arithmetic addition of two registers immediate value = Explicit numerical value used in arithmetic instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of words in the memory of the first generation computers?

<p>4096 words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is responsible for storing data in a computer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does CPU stand for?

<p>Central Processing Unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three fundamental functions a computer performs are reading, modification, and __________.

<p>writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following operations with their corresponding symbols:

<p>Addition = + Subtraction = - Multiplication = * Division = /</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stored in each memory word in the first generation computers?

<p>Two 20-bit instructions or a 40-bit signed integer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The microprocessor is commonly called the arithmetic logic unit (ALU).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mode bit 0 indicate in an instruction format?

<p>Register-type instruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The machine instruction for 'add A, B, C' is represented as 0000000110000000.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What binary instruction is produced from the operation 'sub C, D, A'?

<p>0001101100000000</p> Signup and view all the answers

The instruction format for loading a number will have bits 4 and 5 set to ______.

<p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following arithmetic instructions with their machine instruction representations:

<p>add A, B, C = 0000000110000000 sub C, D, A = 0001101100000000 add 5, A, C = 1000001000000101 add 25, A, C = 1000001000011001</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an immediate type instruction format?

<p>The mode bit is set to 1. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The machine language format for an instruction includes an opcode, source, and destination.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the binary instruction for 'add 25, A, C'?

<p>1000001000011001</p> Signup and view all the answers

In arithmetic instructions with immediate value, an _______ value is included.

<p>8-bit immediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a load instruction, what is the source type?

<p>Immediate type (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the binary representation of the immediate load instruction 'load #12, A'?

<p>10100000 00001100 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a register-type load instruction, bits 6 and 7 of the machine representation are set to ______.

<p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

The register-relative addressing mode for a load instruction uses the base address and offset stored in the first byte of the instruction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following binary instruction formats with their corresponding instruction types:

<p>10100000 00001100 = Immediate load 00000001 10000000 = Register-type add 10111000 00001110 = Immediate store</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Source1' field in the machine language format of a store instruction?

<p>The 'Source1' field indicates the register containing the data to be stored to memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The machine language format for a ______ instruction is similar to the immediate-type format for a load instruction, but with the base address and offset stored in the second byte of the instruction.

<p>register-relative</p> Signup and view all the answers

The destination field in a store instruction specifies the register containing the data to be stored.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instructions uses register-relative addressing?

<p>store R2, A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ALU in the computation process?

<p>To perform arithmetic and logic operations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Main memory is always situated very close to the ALU.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three steps are performed during the addition of two numbers in the registers?

<p>Read contents of A and B, add contents of A and B, write result to register C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main memory stores data that the computer __________ on.

<p>operates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their functions:

<p>Registers = Temporary storage for operands Main Memory = Stores data for computation ALU = Performs arithmetic and logic operations Memory Bus = Connects CPU to main memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a user manage when working with a computer's components?

<p>Flow of information between main memory and CPU's registers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Registers are external components of the microprocessor.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is responsible for performing addition using the values from the registers.

<p>ALU</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Microprocessor

The core of a computer, responsible for executing instructions and processing data.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

A common name for the microprocessor, responsible for executing instructions and processing data.

Instructions

A sequence of operations a computer performs on data, often involving calculations.

Input

A computer receives a stream of instructions and a stream of data

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Results

The results of operations performed by the computer on data.

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Fundamental Functions

A computer's ability to read data from storage, modify the data, and then write the modified data back into storage.

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Storage

A component that holds data, allowing the computer to read and write information.

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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

A component responsible for performing arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

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Load Instruction

A specific instruction that moves data from a memory location into a register.

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Store Instruction

A specific instruction that moves data from a register into a memory location.

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Immediate Values

The ability to directly use a numerical value within an instruction, rather than needing a separate register to hold it.

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Register Addressing

A type of instruction that uses the contents of a register to determine the memory address to be accessed.

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Immediate Addressing

The use of immediate values in instructions, where one or both sources are replaced with explicit numerical values instead of registers.

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Opcode

A binary representation of an instruction, used by the processor to understand and execute commands.

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Register code

A specific set of bits that represent a register (eg., A, B, C, D) within the CPU.

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Machine language instruction

The process of converting human-readable instructions into binary format that the computer's processor can understand and execute.

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Memory Address

A group of bits that represent a specific memory address. Used in conjunction with a register code, it directs the processor to the correct memory location.

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16-bit instruction format

The format in which an instruction is arranged, using a 16-bit (2-byte) structure to represent both the opcode and register codes.

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Registers

A set of small, fast storage locations within the CPU, used to hold data temporarily during processing. They enable quick access for calculations and operations.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It contains the ALU, control unit, and registers.

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RAM

The main memory of a computer, used to store data and programs that are actively being used. It provides a larger storage space compared to registers.

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Data Transfer

The process of moving data between the CPU's registers and the main memory. Data is loaded from memory into registers for calculations, and the results are then stored back in memory.

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Computation

The process of performing a calculation involving two or more operands (numbers), typically stored in registers. This involves loading data into registers, performing operations using the ALU, and storing the result back in memory.

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Random Access Memory (RAM)

The ability to access any data location in memory directly, without having to go through other locations sequentially. This makes RAM efficient for accessing large amounts of data quickly.

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Mode Bit

A dedicated bit within the instruction format that determines the type of instruction.

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Instruction Format

A specific format used to represent an instruction in binary.

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Register-type Arithmetic Instruction

An instruction that operates on data stored in registers, like adding or subtracting values held in memory locations.

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Immediate-type Arithmetic Instruction

An instruction that involves an immediate (constant) value as part of the operation.

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Mode Bit 0

A dedicated bit within the mode field that signals the instruction's data source (either from a register or an immediate value).

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Mode Bit 1

A dedicated bit within the mode field that signals the instruction's data source (either from a register or an immediate value).

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Destination Register

A memory location that can be accessed directly by an instruction.

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Immediate Load Instruction

A type of machine instruction where the value to be loaded is directly specified within the instruction itself. Think of it like a constant value that is hardcoded into the instruction.

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Register-Type Load Instruction

A machine instruction where the source of the data to be loaded is a register. Think of a register as a temporary holding space for data.

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Register-Relative Addressing Load Instruction

A type of machine instruction where the location of the data to be loaded is calculated by adding an offset to the value stored in a designated base register. Think of adding a number to a starting point to find the data.

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Machine Language

In the context of machine instructions, this refers to the specific bit pattern (0s and 1s) that represents an instruction. Think of it like the code or language that the computer understands.

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Assembly Language

Represents the human-readable form of instructions. Think of it like the regular English you use to convey instructions.

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Destination Field

A field in a machine instruction that specifies which register is the destination of data. Think of it as the box where the data is placed.

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Source Field

A field in an instruction specifying the source of data to be used in an operation. Think of it as the location from where the data originates.

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Study Notes

Basic Computer System Architecture

  • Course title: Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Data Science and Artificial Intelligence
  • Course code: DA 107
  • Institution: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

First Generation Computers & Architecture

  • ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was designed and developed by Prof. John Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert
  • ENIAC employed 18,000 vacuum tubes and 1500 relays
  • It weighed 30 tons and consumed 140 kW of power
  • It had 20 registers, each holding a 10-digit decimal number
  • Programming involved setting up 6000 multi-position switches and connecting sockets
  • Built around 1946
  • EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was the successor to ENIAC
  • John von Neumann recognized the inefficiency of programming computers with switches and cables
  • He proposed a design where programs and data are stored in the computer's memory
  • This design, known as the von Neumann machine, remained the basis for computer architecture for decades

Basic Computing Concepts

  • The heart of a modern computer is the microprocessor, often called the CPU
  • Computers receive input in the form of streams of instructions (code) and data
  • Common operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
  • These operations are continuously performed on data. The output stream consists of results from these operations
  • Fundamental functions of a computer include reading, modifying, and writing. To perform these tasks, computers need storage, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and a bus
  • Storage: The area where data is held and can be retrieved
  • ALU: Performs arithmetic operations on data
  • Bus: A network of transmission lines for data transfer between the ALU and storage

The Register File

  • Most computers have a small number of storage locations (registers) to quickly store data used by the ALU
  • Early x86 computers only had eight registers
  • These registers are arranged in a register file, storing data needed by the instruction stream.
  • This data is obtained from and written to source and destination registers respectively

RAM

  • A set of registers is not enough for large-scale computation. For practical computation, large storage space is needed
  • This larger storage space is called main memory, often using RAM (Random Access Memory) in modern computers
  • RAM stores data used for computations. Small portions of this data are moved to registers for easier access by the ALU
  • Main memory is far away from the ALU and the ALU handles data transfer using the memory bus

Computation

  • Computers use a combination of main memory, registers, and the ALU to execute operations.
  • Data (operands) is loaded into registers
  • Arithmetic operations are executed on the data within the ALU
  • Results are stored back in main memory

A Closer Look At The Code Stream

  • A code stream is an ordered sequence of instructions that dictates the computer's actions
  • Instructions are commands, telling the computer precisely how to process data (not just the ALU)
  • Instructions encompass simple arithmetic operations and various specialized operations
  • Operations are categorized in two main types:
    • Arithmetic instructions, performed by the ALU (add, subtract, multiply, divide)
    • Memory-access instructions: deal with main memory (load from, store to)

DLW-1's Arithmetic Instruction Format and Memory Instruction Format

  • DLW-1's arithmetic instructions employ a specific format where instructions are broken down into source1, source2, and destination fields, determining the operation type (e.g., plus or minus) and location of operands and results
  • Instructions are also categorized into immediate- and register-types
  • An example program demonstrated how memory loading and arithmetic were performed on a computer called DLW-1. The instruction format was explained.

The Store Instruction

  • The register-type format for a store instruction matches that of a load instruction, but the destination field specifies the storage register
  • Source1 specifies the register that contains data to be stored in memory.
  • Immediate-type store instructions have a format similar to load instructions but with a destination field

Example Programs

  • Assembly language instructions are shown, corresponding to their machine language equivalents.

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Test your knowledge on the DLW-1 instruction set, opcodes, and the functions of the central processing unit (CPU). This quiz covers key concepts such as the purpose of opcodes, memory operations, and arithmetic instructions. Perfect for students studying computer architecture and assembly language.

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