Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which operation is represented by the opcode '011'?
Which operation is represented by the opcode '011'?
- Load
- Subtract
- Store (correct)
- Add
All instructions must be represented in hexadecimal notation to run a program.
All instructions must be represented in hexadecimal notation to run a program.
False (B)
What is the purpose of an opcode?
What is the purpose of an opcode?
It designates a different operation in machine language instructions.
The binary values representing both the opcodes and the register codes are arranged in one number of a _____ format.
The binary values representing both the opcodes and the register codes are arranged in one number of a _____ format.
Match the following register names with their binary codes:
Match the following register names with their binary codes:
What is the purpose of the load instruction in DLW-1?
What is the purpose of the load instruction in DLW-1?
The store instruction retrieves data from a register and loads it into main memory.
The store instruction retrieves data from a register and loads it into main memory.
What does the instruction 'add A, B, C' do in DLW-1?
What does the instruction 'add A, B, C' do in DLW-1?
The arithmetic instructions require ___ source registers as input.
The arithmetic instructions require ___ source registers as input.
Match the following DLW-1 instructions with their descriptions:
Match the following DLW-1 instructions with their descriptions:
What is the maximum number of words in the memory of the first generation computers?
What is the maximum number of words in the memory of the first generation computers?
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is responsible for storing data in a computer.
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is responsible for storing data in a computer.
What does CPU stand for?
What does CPU stand for?
The three fundamental functions a computer performs are reading, modification, and __________.
The three fundamental functions a computer performs are reading, modification, and __________.
Match the following operations with their corresponding symbols:
Match the following operations with their corresponding symbols:
What is stored in each memory word in the first generation computers?
What is stored in each memory word in the first generation computers?
The microprocessor is commonly called the arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
The microprocessor is commonly called the arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
What does mode bit 0 indicate in an instruction format?
What does mode bit 0 indicate in an instruction format?
The machine instruction for 'add A, B, C' is represented as 0000000110000000.
The machine instruction for 'add A, B, C' is represented as 0000000110000000.
What binary instruction is produced from the operation 'sub C, D, A'?
What binary instruction is produced from the operation 'sub C, D, A'?
The instruction format for loading a number will have bits 4 and 5 set to ______.
The instruction format for loading a number will have bits 4 and 5 set to ______.
Match the following arithmetic instructions with their machine instruction representations:
Match the following arithmetic instructions with their machine instruction representations:
Which of the following represents an immediate type instruction format?
Which of the following represents an immediate type instruction format?
The machine language format for an instruction includes an opcode, source, and destination.
The machine language format for an instruction includes an opcode, source, and destination.
What is the binary instruction for 'add 25, A, C'?
What is the binary instruction for 'add 25, A, C'?
In arithmetic instructions with immediate value, an _______ value is included.
In arithmetic instructions with immediate value, an _______ value is included.
In a load instruction, what is the source type?
In a load instruction, what is the source type?
What is the binary representation of the immediate load instruction 'load #12, A'?
What is the binary representation of the immediate load instruction 'load #12, A'?
In a register-type load instruction, bits 6 and 7 of the machine representation are set to ______.
In a register-type load instruction, bits 6 and 7 of the machine representation are set to ______.
The register-relative addressing mode for a load instruction uses the base address and offset stored in the first byte of the instruction.
The register-relative addressing mode for a load instruction uses the base address and offset stored in the first byte of the instruction.
Match the following binary instruction formats with their corresponding instruction types:
Match the following binary instruction formats with their corresponding instruction types:
What is the purpose of the 'Source1' field in the machine language format of a store instruction?
What is the purpose of the 'Source1' field in the machine language format of a store instruction?
The machine language format for a ______ instruction is similar to the immediate-type format for a load instruction, but with the base address and offset stored in the second byte of the instruction.
The machine language format for a ______ instruction is similar to the immediate-type format for a load instruction, but with the base address and offset stored in the second byte of the instruction.
The destination field in a store instruction specifies the register containing the data to be stored.
The destination field in a store instruction specifies the register containing the data to be stored.
Which of the following instructions uses register-relative addressing?
Which of the following instructions uses register-relative addressing?
What is the function of the ALU in the computation process?
What is the function of the ALU in the computation process?
Main memory is always situated very close to the ALU.
Main memory is always situated very close to the ALU.
What three steps are performed during the addition of two numbers in the registers?
What three steps are performed during the addition of two numbers in the registers?
The main memory stores data that the computer __________ on.
The main memory stores data that the computer __________ on.
Match the following components with their functions:
Match the following components with their functions:
What must a user manage when working with a computer's components?
What must a user manage when working with a computer's components?
Registers are external components of the microprocessor.
Registers are external components of the microprocessor.
The __________ is responsible for performing addition using the values from the registers.
The __________ is responsible for performing addition using the values from the registers.
Flashcards
Microprocessor
Microprocessor
The core of a computer, responsible for executing instructions and processing data.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
A common name for the microprocessor, responsible for executing instructions and processing data.
Instructions
Instructions
A sequence of operations a computer performs on data, often involving calculations.
Input
Input
Signup and view all the flashcards
Results
Results
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fundamental Functions
Fundamental Functions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Storage
Storage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Load Instruction
Load Instruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Store Instruction
Store Instruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immediate Values
Immediate Values
Signup and view all the flashcards
Register Addressing
Register Addressing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immediate Addressing
Immediate Addressing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Opcode
Opcode
Signup and view all the flashcards
Register code
Register code
Signup and view all the flashcards
Machine language instruction
Machine language instruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Memory Address
Memory Address
Signup and view all the flashcards
16-bit instruction format
16-bit instruction format
Signup and view all the flashcards
Registers
Registers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Signup and view all the flashcards
RAM
RAM
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Transfer
Data Transfer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Computation
Computation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mode Bit
Mode Bit
Signup and view all the flashcards
Instruction Format
Instruction Format
Signup and view all the flashcards
Register-type Arithmetic Instruction
Register-type Arithmetic Instruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immediate-type Arithmetic Instruction
Immediate-type Arithmetic Instruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mode Bit 0
Mode Bit 0
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mode Bit 1
Mode Bit 1
Signup and view all the flashcards
Destination Register
Destination Register
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immediate Load Instruction
Immediate Load Instruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Register-Type Load Instruction
Register-Type Load Instruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Register-Relative Addressing Load Instruction
Register-Relative Addressing Load Instruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Machine Language
Machine Language
Signup and view all the flashcards
Assembly Language
Assembly Language
Signup and view all the flashcards
Destination Field
Destination Field
Signup and view all the flashcards
Source Field
Source Field
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Basic Computer System Architecture
- Course title: Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Data Science and Artificial Intelligence
- Course code: DA 107
- Institution: Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
First Generation Computers & Architecture
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was designed and developed by Prof. John Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert
- ENIAC employed 18,000 vacuum tubes and 1500 relays
- It weighed 30 tons and consumed 140 kW of power
- It had 20 registers, each holding a 10-digit decimal number
- Programming involved setting up 6000 multi-position switches and connecting sockets
- Built around 1946
- EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was the successor to ENIAC
- John von Neumann recognized the inefficiency of programming computers with switches and cables
- He proposed a design where programs and data are stored in the computer's memory
- This design, known as the von Neumann machine, remained the basis for computer architecture for decades
Basic Computing Concepts
- The heart of a modern computer is the microprocessor, often called the CPU
- Computers receive input in the form of streams of instructions (code) and data
- Common operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
- These operations are continuously performed on data. The output stream consists of results from these operations
- Fundamental functions of a computer include reading, modifying, and writing. To perform these tasks, computers need storage, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and a bus
- Storage: The area where data is held and can be retrieved
- ALU: Performs arithmetic operations on data
- Bus: A network of transmission lines for data transfer between the ALU and storage
The Register File
- Most computers have a small number of storage locations (registers) to quickly store data used by the ALU
- Early x86 computers only had eight registers
- These registers are arranged in a register file, storing data needed by the instruction stream.
- This data is obtained from and written to source and destination registers respectively
RAM
- A set of registers is not enough for large-scale computation. For practical computation, large storage space is needed
- This larger storage space is called main memory, often using RAM (Random Access Memory) in modern computers
- RAM stores data used for computations. Small portions of this data are moved to registers for easier access by the ALU
- Main memory is far away from the ALU and the ALU handles data transfer using the memory bus
Computation
- Computers use a combination of main memory, registers, and the ALU to execute operations.
- Data (operands) is loaded into registers
- Arithmetic operations are executed on the data within the ALU
- Results are stored back in main memory
A Closer Look At The Code Stream
- A code stream is an ordered sequence of instructions that dictates the computer's actions
- Instructions are commands, telling the computer precisely how to process data (not just the ALU)
- Instructions encompass simple arithmetic operations and various specialized operations
- Operations are categorized in two main types:
- Arithmetic instructions, performed by the ALU (add, subtract, multiply, divide)
- Memory-access instructions: deal with main memory (load from, store to)
DLW-1's Arithmetic Instruction Format and Memory Instruction Format
- DLW-1's arithmetic instructions employ a specific format where instructions are broken down into source1, source2, and destination fields, determining the operation type (e.g., plus or minus) and location of operands and results
- Instructions are also categorized into immediate- and register-types
- An example program demonstrated how memory loading and arithmetic were performed on a computer called DLW-1. The instruction format was explained.
The Store Instruction
- The register-type format for a store instruction matches that of a load instruction, but the destination field specifies the storage register
- Source1 specifies the register that contains data to be stored in memory.
- Immediate-type store instructions have a format similar to load instructions but with a destination field
Example Programs
- Assembly language instructions are shown, corresponding to their machine language equivalents.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the DLW-1 instruction set, opcodes, and the functions of the central processing unit (CPU). This quiz covers key concepts such as the purpose of opcodes, memory operations, and arithmetic instructions. Perfect for students studying computer architecture and assembly language.