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Questions and Answers
Rapid or deep compression can lead to neurological and physiological symptoms due to the CNS reacting negatively to ______.
Rapid or deep compression can lead to neurological and physiological symptoms due to the CNS reacting negatively to ______.
increased pressure
One of the symptoms of increased pressure is ______, which is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
One of the symptoms of increased pressure is ______, which is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
dizziness
To prevent issues related to increased pressure, it's advised to take breaks at various ______.
To prevent issues related to increased pressure, it's advised to take breaks at various ______.
depths
Oxygen toxicity can occur when breathing O2 at ______ pressures.
Oxygen toxicity can occur when breathing O2 at ______ pressures.
Symptoms of oxygen toxicity can initially present as ______, followed by visual disturbances.
Symptoms of oxygen toxicity can initially present as ______, followed by visual disturbances.
During the ______ phase, a diver goes deeper underwater experiencing increased pressure.
During the ______ phase, a diver goes deeper underwater experiencing increased pressure.
Nitrogen buildup does not cause issues during the dive but becomes problematic during the ______ phase.
Nitrogen buildup does not cause issues during the dive but becomes problematic during the ______ phase.
A diver should not exceed an ascent rate of ______ meters per minute.
A diver should not exceed an ascent rate of ______ meters per minute.
During the ______ phase, the diver remains at a constant depth and experiences no significant physiological changes.
During the ______ phase, the diver remains at a constant depth and experiences no significant physiological changes.
When ascending, previously compressed gases expand, which can lead to ______ if not managed correctly.
When ascending, previously compressed gases expand, which can lead to ______ if not managed correctly.
Equalizing ear pressure is crucial to avoid discomfort during the compression of body ______.
Equalizing ear pressure is crucial to avoid discomfort during the compression of body ______.
Breath-hold ascends can cause pulmonary ______ as air gets trapped in the lungs.
Breath-hold ascends can cause pulmonary ______ as air gets trapped in the lungs.
The deeper a diver goes, the more gases like ______ dissolve into fat tissues.
The deeper a diver goes, the more gases like ______ dissolve into fat tissues.
Failure in decompression procedure can lead to decompression sickness, where dissolved gases form ______ in tissues.
Failure in decompression procedure can lead to decompression sickness, where dissolved gases form ______ in tissues.
The mechanism of decomposition sickness involves saturation by inert gas, which begins during the ______ phase.
The mechanism of decomposition sickness involves saturation by inert gas, which begins during the ______ phase.
Entering the water feet first is safer than head first to avoid hyperextension of the ______.
Entering the water feet first is safer than head first to avoid hyperextension of the ______.
Common ascension problems include sinus problems, ear problems, and ______ gas emboli.
Common ascension problems include sinus problems, ear problems, and ______ gas emboli.
Physical and mental fitness, having a buddy, and proper dive planning are important ______ precautions.
Physical and mental fitness, having a buddy, and proper dive planning are important ______ precautions.
The symptoms of type 1 decompression syndrome include fatigue, joint pain, and skin ______.
The symptoms of type 1 decompression syndrome include fatigue, joint pain, and skin ______.
Recompression therapy is used to decrease bubble size and relieve ______.
Recompression therapy is used to decrease bubble size and relieve ______.
Nitrogen narcosis is caused by the increased pressure of nitrogen dissolved in the ______ during deep dives.
Nitrogen narcosis is caused by the increased pressure of nitrogen dissolved in the ______ during deep dives.
To prevent nitrogen narcosis, divers can replace nitrogen with ______ in their breathing mix.
To prevent nitrogen narcosis, divers can replace nitrogen with ______ in their breathing mix.
Signs of cerebral DCS include hemiplegia, visual disturbances, and confusion, which result from occlusion of cerebral ______.
Signs of cerebral DCS include hemiplegia, visual disturbances, and confusion, which result from occlusion of cerebral ______.
Obesity and uncontrolled diabetes are conditions that can affect a diver's fitness to ______.
Obesity and uncontrolled diabetes are conditions that can affect a diver's fitness to ______.
High pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) occurs at great ______.
High pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) occurs at great ______.
Decompression sickness symptoms can begin as soon as ______ minutes after surfacing.
Decompression sickness symptoms can begin as soon as ______ minutes after surfacing.
Treatment for decompression sickness often involves the patient breathing 100% ______ during recompression therapy.
Treatment for decompression sickness often involves the patient breathing 100% ______ during recompression therapy.
Flashcards
Compression Phase
Compression Phase
The dive phase when the diver goes deeper underwater, experiencing increased pressure. This causes gasses like nitrogen to dissolve into the blood and tissues.
Isopression Phase
Isopression Phase
The dive phase when the diver remains at a constant depth, experiencing no change in pressure. The body is under steady pressure, and no significant physiological changes occur.
Decompression Phase
Decompression Phase
The dive phase when the diver ascends back to the surface, experiencing decreased pressure. This causes gasses to come out of solution, and if done too quickly, can lead to decompression sickness.
Decompression Sickness
Decompression Sickness
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Recommended Ascend Rate
Recommended Ascend Rate
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Barotrauma
Barotrauma
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Lung Overexpansion
Lung Overexpansion
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Pulmonary Barotrauma
Pulmonary Barotrauma
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Rapid Compression
Rapid Compression
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Oxygen Toxicity
Oxygen Toxicity
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CNS Oxygen Toxicity
CNS Oxygen Toxicity
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Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity
Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity
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Nitrogen Addition
Nitrogen Addition
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Decompression Sickness (DCS)
Decompression Sickness (DCS)
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Decompression Syndrome Type 1
Decompression Syndrome Type 1
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Decompression Syndrome Type 2
Decompression Syndrome Type 2
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Recompression Therapy for DCS
Recompression Therapy for DCS
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Cerebral Arterial Gas Embolism (CAGE)
Cerebral Arterial Gas Embolism (CAGE)
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Cerebral DCS
Cerebral DCS
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Spinal DCS
Spinal DCS
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Cardiac DCS
Cardiac DCS
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Nitrogen Narcosis
Nitrogen Narcosis
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High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS)
High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS)
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Spirometry
Spirometry
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FEV1/FVC Ratio
FEV1/FVC Ratio
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Sinus Problem
Sinus Problem
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Ear Problem
Ear Problem
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Study Notes
Diving Physiology - Phases and Risks
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Phase 1: Compression (Descent): Pressure increases with depth (1 atm every 10m). Gases (primarily nitrogen) dissolve into blood and tissues. This is more significant in fat tissue. While this doesn't cause immediate problems, it can lead to decompression sickness if not managed properly during ascent. Body cavities (lungs, sinuses) compress as air volume decreases. Equalizing pressure (e.g., clearing ears) is critical.
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Phase 2: Isopression: Depth remains constant. No significant physiological changes occur, as long as the diver is stable.
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Phase 3: Decompression (Ascent): Pressure decreases as the diver returns to the surface. A gradual ascent (no faster than 10m per minute) allows dissolved gases to safely leave the body via exhalation. A rapid ascent leads to rapid gas release, forming bubbles, which can cause decompression sickness. Body cavities expand due to lower pressure. Barotrauma (pressure-related injury) is possible if expansion is rapid (e.g., lung overexpansion).
Diving Risks - Decompression Sickness (DCS)
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What is DCS? Injury from rapid pressure decrease, often during ascent from deep dives. Symptoms can appear within 10 minutes or be delayed by several days.
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Mechanism of DCS:
- On-gassing (saturation): Nitrogen dissolves into tissues from alveoli, blood. Factors influencing saturation include depth, duration, tissue perfusion (blood flow), and fat tissue absorption (nitrogen more soluble in fat).
- Off-gassing (desaturation): Tissues release nitrogen back into the blood, heading to the alveoli. Pressure in tissues and blood is greater than in lungs; thus, a slow ascent allows nitrogen to leave gradually. A rapid ascent causes supersaturation, where nitrogen comes out of solution too quickly, creating bubbles in tissues and blood.
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Symptoms:
- Type 1 DCS: Fatigue, joint/muscle pain, skin rashes.
- Type 2 DCS: Impaired thinking, numbness, weakness, paralysis, rash, poor balance (neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular symptoms).
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Treatment: Recompression therapy increases pressure to shrink bubbles, allowing them to dissolve. Patients breathe 100% oxygen to speed up nitrogen elimination. Pressure is then gradually decreased simulating a safe ascent.
Diving Risks - Other
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Nitrogen Narcosis: Increased nitrogen pressure at depths >30m impairs nerve function. Symptoms mimic alcohol effects (memory loss, confusion, hallucinations). Treatment is ascent to shallower depths. Helium is used in breathing mixes to avoid narcosis at these depths.
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High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS): Response to high pressure and rapid changes in pressure at great depths. Symptoms include dizziness, nausea, fatigue. Prevention includes slow/gradual compression, avoiding rapid changes. Small amounts of nitrogen are added to breathing mixes for stabilization.
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Oxygen Toxicity: Breathing oxygen at high pressures affects the CNS and lungs. Symptoms include seizures and respiratory distress. Prevention includes monitoring oxygen levels and exposure time, avoiding extended high-pressure oxygen exposure.
Diving Safety and Fitness
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Entry Precautions: Enter water feet-first, avoid diving into shallow water, ensure physical and mental fitness.
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Diving Buddy System: Essential for support and help.
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Training and Equipment Check: Professional training and adequate equipment are crucial.
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Dive Planning: Essential for safety.
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Pre-Dive Assessment: Medical conditions, such as respiratory problems, ear surgery, diabetes, or mental instability, may prevent diving. Spirometry evaluation (FEV1, FVC, PEF) measures respiratory health. Values must be above 80% for FEV1 and PEF. FEV1/FVC should be above 70%. Avoid alcohol.
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CAGE (Cerebral Arterial Gas Embolism): Bubble formation within arteries, primarily from pulmonary barotrauma (lung overexpansion during ascent). Symptoms appear rapidly (minutes), with altered mental status, and potential neurological deficits.
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Neurological DCS types: Cerebral and Spinal DCS involve microbubble occlusion of cerebral or spinal vascular beds. Symptoms include hemiplegia, visual disturbances, confusion, speech disorders, weakness, paralysis.
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Cardiac DCS: Microbubbles in heart muscle in affected cases. This is sometimes classified as Type 1 DCS.
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