35 Questions
What is the effect of task difficulty on the capacity for a secondary task according to the Divided Attention Theory?
Reduces capacity
How does experience affect the ability to divide attention according to the Divided Attention Theory?
Increases automaticity
In what scenario is it harder to divide attention according to resource competition?
When stimulus and response are in the same modality
What is a key characteristic of controlled processes?
Require conscious focus and sustained attention,Serial processing of stimuli
What is the purpose of automaticity according to the text?
Freeing up attentional capacity for other tasks
Which type of process is characterized by being unconscious and requiring no attention?
Automatic processes
What is a key feature of automatic processes in terms of processing stimuli?
Unconscious, requiring no attention and therefore unlimited capacity, Parallel processing of stimuli
What happens to performance if arousal is too low or too high, according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
Performance suffers
What is the outcome of experiencing optimal arousal based on the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
Best performance is achieved
Which aspect of attention does Central Capacity Theory emphasize?
Attention results from a central processor which is limited in capacity and modulated by arousal
What limitation of Central Capacity Theory is highlighted in the text?
Inability to address resource competition within modalities
In Central Capacity Theory, what type of tasks are considered much easier compared to controlled, novel, or complex tasks?
Automatic tasks
According to Central Capacity Theory, what do we seek to maximize in order to enhance performance?
Attention allocation
What is a key aspect of focused visual attention theory?
We selectively process relevant visual information, Spotlight Improves detection within spotlight
How can FOCUSED visual attention be oriented according to the text?
Overtly and/or covertly AND Actively and/or passively
What is the purpose of the Covert Orientation of Attention task?
To measure attentional orientation based on reaction time
In the Covert Orientation of Attention task, what percentage of trials are presented with valid cues?
80%
What does the Covert Orientation of Attention task highlight about attention and gaze?
Attention can be shifted independently of gaze and highlights the importance of expectations
What aspect of tasks do experts and novices differ in according to the theory on expert and non-expert attention?
Perception: Top down processes and Focus on relevant details. Automaticity: More free attentional resources and Chunking. Expectations: Forward planning
In the context of attention, what does 'chunking' primarily refer to based on the theory on expert and non-expert attention?
Mentally grouping information for easier processing
In the context of automatic skilled actions theory, what is a key characteristic of tasks performed smoothly?
Develop with practice. Performed smoothly. Stimulus driven, not under your control. Are not affected by other activities. Best in familiar environments. No mental effort. Best unmonitored
What environment is deemed best for tasks under automatic skilled actions theory?
Familiar environments
In the theory on everyday skilled behaviours, what type of control is deemed necessary for critical decision points?
Open loop control
What are skilled behaviours composed of hierarchically organized?
Sequences and subroutines
Which type of behaviour control comes in two flavours according to the theory on everyday skilled behaviours?
Open loop control and closed loop control
Why is suppression of automatic responses considered difficult?
Automaticity is deeply ingrained and hard to override
What is a consequence of losing flexibility in tasks due to automaticity?
Higher likelihood of errors and everyday slips of action
What distinguishes automaticity from expertise in terms of information processing?
Automatic processing involves bottom-up filters, while expertise involves top-down control.
How does practice impact the way tasks are performed in both automaticity and expertise?
Tasks in both automaticity and expertise are facilitated through reduced information processing.
Why is difficulty encountered in the Stroop task according to the text?
Difficulty arises from the need to suppress automatic responses.
What is a fundamental characteristic of automatised tasks based on the text?
They are performed effortlessly and without conscious effort.
Why can a great deal of higher-order human activities be explained as automatic processes?
Because automatisation frees up cognitive resources for other tasks.
Why does perceptual judgement improve with practice according to the text?
Due to increased automaticity in responses
What is the main advantage of becoming an expert in perception as outlined in the text?
Enhanced knowledge about the object
How does the concept of automaticity differ from rote learning of responses according to Dobbins (2003)?
Automaticity implies a deeper understanding of the object than rote learning
Learn about Divided Attention Theory and how attention can be divided towards environmental salience. Explore the effects of task difficulty, experience, and resource competition on the ability to divide attention effectively.
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