Week 4.3 Applications of attention

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What is the effect of task difficulty on the capacity for a secondary task according to the Divided Attention Theory?

Reduces capacity (correct)

Eliminates the secondary task

Has no effect

Increases capacity

How does experience affect the ability to divide attention according to the Divided Attention Theory?

Decreases automaticity

Confuses the division of attention

Increases automaticity (correct)

Does not impact automaticity

In what scenario is it harder to divide attention according to resource competition?

When there is no competition for resources

When there are multiple tasks

When stimulus and response are in the same modality (correct)

When stimulus and response are in different modalities

What is a key characteristic of controlled processes?

Require conscious focus and sustained attention,Serial processing of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of automaticity according to the text?

Freeing up attentional capacity for other tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which type of process is characterized by being unconscious and requiring no attention?

Automatic processes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of automatic processes in terms of processing stimuli?

Unconscious, requiring no attention and therefore unlimited capacity, Parallel processing of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What happens to performance if arousal is too low or too high, according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Performance suffers Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of experiencing optimal arousal based on the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Best performance is achieved Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of attention does Central Capacity Theory emphasize?

Attention results from a central processor which is limited in capacity and modulated by arousal Signup and view all the answers

What limitation of Central Capacity Theory is highlighted in the text?

Inability to address resource competition within modalities Signup and view all the answers

In Central Capacity Theory, what type of tasks are considered much easier compared to controlled, novel, or complex tasks?

Automatic tasks Signup and view all the answers

According to Central Capacity Theory, what do we seek to maximize in order to enhance performance?

Attention allocation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of focused visual attention theory?

We selectively process relevant visual information, Spotlight Improves detection within spotlight Signup and view all the answers

How can FOCUSED visual attention be oriented according to the text?

Overtly and/or covertly AND Actively and/or passively Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Covert Orientation of Attention task?

To measure attentional orientation based on reaction time Signup and view all the answers

In the Covert Orientation of Attention task, what percentage of trials are presented with valid cues?

80% Signup and view all the answers

What does the Covert Orientation of Attention task highlight about attention and gaze?

Attention can be shifted independently of gaze and highlights the importance of expectations Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of tasks do experts and novices differ in according to the theory on expert and non-expert attention?

Perception: Top down processes and Focus on relevant details. Automaticity: More free attentional resources and Chunking. Expectations: Forward planning Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attention, what does 'chunking' primarily refer to based on the theory on expert and non-expert attention?

Mentally grouping information for easier processing Signup and view all the answers

In the context of automatic skilled actions theory, what is a key characteristic of tasks performed smoothly?

Develop with practice. Performed smoothly. Stimulus driven, not under your control. Are not affected by other activities. Best in familiar environments. No mental effort. Best unmonitored Signup and view all the answers

What environment is deemed best for tasks under automatic skilled actions theory?

Familiar environments Signup and view all the answers

In the theory on everyday skilled behaviours, what type of control is deemed necessary for critical decision points?

Open loop control Signup and view all the answers

What are skilled behaviours composed of hierarchically organized?

Sequences and subroutines Signup and view all the answers

Which type of behaviour control comes in two flavours according to the theory on everyday skilled behaviours?

Open loop control and closed loop control Signup and view all the answers

Why is suppression of automatic responses considered difficult?

Automaticity is deeply ingrained and hard to override Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of losing flexibility in tasks due to automaticity?

Higher likelihood of errors and everyday slips of action Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes automaticity from expertise in terms of information processing?

Automatic processing involves bottom-up filters, while expertise involves top-down control. Signup and view all the answers

How does practice impact the way tasks are performed in both automaticity and expertise?

Tasks in both automaticity and expertise are facilitated through reduced information processing. Signup and view all the answers

Why is difficulty encountered in the Stroop task according to the text?

Difficulty arises from the need to suppress automatic responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental characteristic of automatised tasks based on the text?

They are performed effortlessly and without conscious effort. Signup and view all the answers

Why can a great deal of higher-order human activities be explained as automatic processes?

Because automatisation frees up cognitive resources for other tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Why does perceptual judgement improve with practice according to the text?

Due to increased automaticity in responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of becoming an expert in perception as outlined in the text?

Enhanced knowledge about the object Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of automaticity differ from rote learning of responses according to Dobbins (2003)?

Automaticity implies a deeper understanding of the object than rote learning Signup and view all the answers