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Questions and Answers
What characteristic defines animals as heterotrophs?
What characteristic defines animals as heterotrophs?
Which type of symmetry is characterized by being identical on either side of a central line?
Which type of symmetry is characterized by being identical on either side of a central line?
What type of body cavity do acoelomates lack?
What type of body cavity do acoelomates lack?
Which feature is a characteristic of parazoans like sponges?
Which feature is a characteristic of parazoans like sponges?
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Which of the following traits is common to all animals?
Which of the following traits is common to all animals?
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What is the main difference between protostomes and deuterostomes during development?
What is the main difference between protostomes and deuterostomes during development?
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What term describes an organism with a body plan that has no symmetry?
What term describes an organism with a body plan that has no symmetry?
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In terms of tissue organization, which group represents more complex animals compared to parazoans?
In terms of tissue organization, which group represents more complex animals compared to parazoans?
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What type of symmetry do sponges exhibit?
What type of symmetry do sponges exhibit?
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What is a characteristic of bilateral symmetry?
What is a characteristic of bilateral symmetry?
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Which body plan represents animals where the mouth forms first?
Which body plan represents animals where the mouth forms first?
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Which of the following is true about organisms with a coelom?
Which of the following is true about organisms with a coelom?
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What advantage does a pseudocoelom provide?
What advantage does a pseudocoelom provide?
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What evolutionary trend does cephalization describe?
What evolutionary trend does cephalization describe?
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Which of the following best describes segmentation in biology?
Which of the following best describes segmentation in biology?
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Which animal is an example of a true coelomate?
Which animal is an example of a true coelomate?
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What type of symmetry do all cnidarians exhibit?
What type of symmetry do all cnidarians exhibit?
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What role does the gastrovascular cavity (GVC) play in cnidarians?
What role does the gastrovascular cavity (GVC) play in cnidarians?
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Which structure in cnidarians contains the stinging cells?
Which structure in cnidarians contains the stinging cells?
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What is a characteristic of flatworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes?
What is a characteristic of flatworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes?
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Which of the following statements about cnidarians is correct?
Which of the following statements about cnidarians is correct?
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What reproductive strategy is commonly found in organisms of phylum Platyhelminthes?
What reproductive strategy is commonly found in organisms of phylum Platyhelminthes?
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What is a significant ecological and economic role of cnidarians?
What is a significant ecological and economic role of cnidarians?
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Which feature is NOT characteristic of flatworms?
Which feature is NOT characteristic of flatworms?
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What structure allows for efficient and flexible movement in segmented animals?
What structure allows for efficient and flexible movement in segmented animals?
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What type of skeleton do sponges possess?
What type of skeleton do sponges possess?
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What type of symmetry is observed in the phylum Porifera?
What type of symmetry is observed in the phylum Porifera?
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What significant evolutionary trend began among mammals and accelerated during hominid evolution?
What significant evolutionary trend began among mammals and accelerated during hominid evolution?
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Which cell type in sponges is primarily responsible for nutrient filtering?
Which cell type in sponges is primarily responsible for nutrient filtering?
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Which of the following statements is true about cnidarians?
Which of the following statements is true about cnidarians?
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What type of locomotion alteration is associated with the evolution observed in amphibians?
What type of locomotion alteration is associated with the evolution observed in amphibians?
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Which of the following best describes the role of sponges in coral reef ecosystems?
Which of the following best describes the role of sponges in coral reef ecosystems?
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Study Notes
Diversity of Animals
- Animals are a diverse group, ranging from tiny sponges to large mammals like whales, mammoths, and lions.
- They share key characteristics, including being multicellular heterotrophs.
- Animal cells lack cell walls, and movement isn't restricted to a single environment.
- Reproduction is mainly sexual.
- Embryonic development shows patterns.
- Energy is stored as glycogen, not starch.
- Animals possess nervous and muscular tissue.
Learning objectives
- Students will identify key evolutionary innovations in animal phylogeny and unchanging traits.
- Students will list and describe key features of animal body plans.
- Students will name synapomorphies of animals.
- Students will compare and contrast asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry.
- Students will differentiate between acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates, with examples of their evolutionary relationships
- Students will differentiate between protostomes and deuterostomes.
General Features of Animals
- Animals are diverse organisms.
- They share common characteristics.
- Animals are heterotrophic.
- They are multicellular.
- Animal cells lack cell walls.
- Movement in most animals isn't restricted.
- Animals reproduce mainly through sexual means.
- Animals have patterned embryonic development.
- Their bodies have energy stored in glycogen.
- They have nervous and muscular tissues.
Characteristics of Animals
- Body symmetry: Asymmetrical, radial, or bilateral symmetry are possible.
- Coelom: Coelomate, acoelomate, or pseudocoelomate animals.
- Embryonic cell layers: Animals can be diploblastic or triploblastic.
- Chordates / Non-chordates: Different body plans exist.
- Organ systems: Include digestive, circulatory, and reproductive systems.
- Segmentation: Show external and internal segments.
- Levels of organization: Vary from cells to tissues to organs and organ systems.
Evolutionary Trend in Body Cavity
- Acoelomates: Lack a body cavity, exemplified by flatworms.
- Pseudocoelomates: Have a pseudocoel (false body cavity) like roundworms.
- Coelomates: Possess a true coelom (body cavity), such as earthworms.
Advantages of Coelom and Pseudocoelom
- The reproductive and digestive organs can evolve more complex shapes and functions.
- Internal organs are cushioned and better protected within the body cavity.
- The body cavity can act as a hydroskeleton, supporting and stiffening soft-bodied animals.
- Movement of internal organs is not disturbed when the gut is suspended.
Evolutionary Trend in Body Plan
- Protostomes: Embryonic development where the mouth develops before the anus.
- Deuterostomes: Embryonic development where the anus develops before the mouth.
Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
- Lack definite symmetry.
- Organised at the cellular level, specialized cells work together.
- Mostly sessile (stationary) organisms, anchored to a surface
- Filter feeders, extracting nutrients from the water.
- Reproduce sexually or asexually, commonly hermaphroditic.
- Composed of a gelatinous matrix, including different cells (choanocytes, pinacocytes, amoebocytes, etc.).
- Important role in nutrient cycles in coral reefs and used in some industries
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, etc.)
- Radial symmetry.
- Mostly marine organisms, though some inhabit fresh water.
- Contain specialized stinging cells (nematocysts) for defense and prey capture
- Incomplete digestive system (gastrovascular cavity).
- Mostly have a simple nervous system.
- Can be important in nutrient cycles and some industries
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
- Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry, flattened body plan.
- Acoelomate – lacking a body cavity.
- Internal organs are less developed than in higher animals.
- Some are free-living, others are parasitic.
- Monoecious (hermaphroditic) – possessing both male and female reproductive organs.
- Lack circulatory, respiratory, and skeletal systems.
Phylum Arthropoda
- Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry, segmented body.
- Most diverse animal phylum.
- Live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
Phylum Chordata
- Triploblastic
- Bilateral symmetry
- Includes vertebrates (animals with backbones)
Evolution in Segmentation
- Segmentation involves repeating body units, seen in some animals.
- This structure can include similar, fluid-filled segments.
- Segments are specialized for specific functions
- This allows for more efficient movement, flexibility and specialized functions.
Evolution in Cephalization
- Development of a head region with sensory organs.
- Concentration of nervous tissue at the anterior end.
- Leads to the development of a sophisticated brain.
Evolution in Nervous System
- Neurons in animals function as electrical signaling cells.
- Many animal groups utilize a form of basic nerve net
- Advanced animals have central nervous systems, often with concentrated ganglia (clusters of nerve cells) or brains.
Evolution in Skeletal Modification
- Skeletal systems have evolved in a variety of forms across different animal groups.
- Includes internal skeletons made of substances like collagen.
- Transitions to more complex skeletons are part of animal evolution, allowing for movement or support
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Description
Explore the wide variety of animals, from sponges to whales, and understand their key characteristics and reproductive methods. This quiz covers evolutionary innovations, body plans, and anatomical classifications. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of animal diversity.
