Diversity and Adaptations of Plants
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary adaptation that allows plants to survive in dry environments?

  • Reduced photosynthesis activity
  • Increased tolerance to cold temperatures
  • Resistance to desiccation (correct)
  • Enhanced nutrient uptake

In the lifecycle of most plants, which stage is classified as haplodiplontic?

  • Sporophyte
  • Seedling
  • Gametophyte (correct)
  • Gamete

What characterizes the diplontic life cycle stage observed in humans?

  • Total absence of diploid stage
  • Presence of a multicellular gametophyte
  • Brief haploid phase during reproduction (correct)
  • Dominantly haploid stage

Which characteristic defines most plants in the plant kingdom?

<p>They are predominantly photosynthetic organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations is NOT found in terrestrial plants?

<p>Ability to photosynthesize underwater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of desiccation for land plants?

<p>It poses a constant risk of drying out. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sporangia in seedless plants do?

<p>Contain spores for reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of visibility, how is the sporophyte phase in lower plants generally described?

<p>Barely noticeable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is primarily responsible for the indeterminate growth of plants?

<p>The lack of a final body form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are responsible for producing male gametes in plants?

<p>Stamens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the life cycle with a dominant haploid stage?

<p>Haplontic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a sporangium?

<p>An organ containing reproductive cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adaptations in plants help them cope with terrestrial challenges?

<p>They enable efficient water retention and reproduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about plant reproduction is true?

<p>Plants can reproduce through both self-fertilization and cross-fertilization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cellulose play in plants?

<p>It is a major component of cell walls. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many catalogued species belong to the plant kingdom approximately?

<p>300,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of spore is produced by seedless nonvascular plants?

<p>Homospores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure develops into the female gametophyte in heterosporous plants?

<p>Megaspre (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sporocytes in the multicellular sporangia?

<p>To undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes heterosporous plants from homosporous plants?

<p>Heterosporous plants produce two distinct types of spores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What polymer surrounds the spores of seedless plants and pollen of seed plants, providing toughness?

<p>Sporopollenin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the life cycle of plants, what stage begins after the fusion of gametes?

<p>Sporophyte phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reproduction phase is dominant in seedless nonvascular plants?

<p>Gametophyte phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sporopollenin important for pollen and spores?

<p>It protects against degradation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role did seedless plants play during the Carboniferous period?

<p>They created large deposits of coal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which period is identified as the time when vascular plants spread throughout the continents?

<p>Silurian period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bryophytes is correct?

<p>They lack specialized cells for fluid conduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of sporopollenin in bryophytes?

<p>It is responsible for forming durable spores. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes bryophytes from vascular plants?

<p>Bryophytes lack vascular (conducting) tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of reproductive structures, what is unique about bryophytes?

<p>The embryo remains attached to the parent plant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environment do bryophytes thrive in predominantly?

<p>Damp habitats, often shaded. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does xylem play in the vascular system of plants?

<p>Conducts water and minerals from the soil to the shoot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true of bryophytes?

<p>They lack flagella in their gametes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cuticle benefit land plants?

<p>It prevents desiccation by providing a waterproof cover (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stomata in land plants?

<p>To regulate gas exchange and water vapor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation did land plants develop to protect themselves from herbivorous animals?

<p>Poisonous secondary metabolites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a necessary evolution that allowed for larger plant bodies?

<p>The evolution of vascular tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between plant evolution and animal interactions?

<p>Plants coevolved with animals, developing traits for both defense and attraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did earlier plants grow close to the ground?

<p>To retain moisture and avoid desiccation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phloem in the vascular system of plants?

<p>Transports food throughout the plant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What improved the photosynthetic efficiency in plants as they evolved?

<p>The appearance of true leaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are known as strobili in conifers?

<p>Cones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which period did plants evolve vascular tissue and well-defined leaves?

<p>Devonian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant phase of the lifecycle in seedless vascular plants?

<p>Sporophyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment do seedless vascular plants favor for fertilization?

<p>Moist environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes club mosses from true mosses?

<p>They have vascular tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group do ferns and horsetails belong to?

<p>Pterophyta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics were prominent in the Carboniferous period?

<p>Large swamp forests of seedless vascular plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plant Kingdom Characteristics

Plants are mostly photosynthetic organisms, a few are parasitic, have cellulose cell walls, undergo indeterminate growth, reproduce sexually (and asexually), with different sized sex cells (eggs and sperm)

Plant Land Colonization Challenges

Plants face the challenge of desiccation (drying out) in terrestrial environments, as opposed to the aquatic environment's moisture.

Photosynthesis

Process used by plants for energy, using chlorophyll in chloroplasts.

Cellulose

Substance found in plant cell walls, providing structure and support.

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Indeterminate Growth

Plants continue to grow in size throughout their lifespan, unlike animals which reach a certain final size.

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Sexual Reproduction (Plants)

Plants reproduce through the union of gametes (eggs and sperm) in different sizes and organs (pistils & stamens).

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Desiccation (Definition)

The process of drying out, a hazard for land organisms.

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Plant Sex Organs

Female organs are pistils, male are stamens. These organs produce eggs and sperm, respectively.

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Alternation of Generations

A life cycle with both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) multicellular stages.

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Gametophyte

The haploid multicellular stage in a plant's life cycle, producing gametes (sex cells).

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Sporophyte

The diploid multicellular stage in a plant's life cycle, resulting from fertilization and producing spores.

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Sporangium

An organ in plants where spores are produced.

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Haplontic life cycle

A life cycle where the haploid stage is dominant, and the diploid stage is brief.

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Diplontic life cycle

A life cycle where the diploid stage is dominant, and the haploid stage is brief.

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Haplodiplontic life cycle

A life cycle with both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) multicellular stages, with varying dominance.

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What is the difference between haplontic and diplontic life cycles?

Haplontic life cycles have a dominant haploid stage (gametophyte), while diplontic life cycles have a dominant diploid stage (sporophyte).

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Homosporous

Producing only one type of spore, which develops into a bisexual gametophyte (producing both male and female gametes).

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Heterosporous

Producing two types of spores: microspores (male) and megaspores (female), which develop into separate male and female gametophytes.

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Spore Dispersal

The release and distribution of spores from the sporangia into the environment.

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Sporopollenin

A tough, resistant polymer that surrounds spores and pollen, protecting them from degradation.

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Meiosis in Spore Formation

The process where diploid sporocytes divide to produce haploid spores, reducing the chromosome number by half.

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Vascular Tissue

Specialized tissues in plants that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. It consists of xylem (water transport) and phloem (food transport).

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Cuticle

A waxy, waterproof layer on the surface of leaves and stems in land plants that prevents water loss.

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Stomata

Tiny pores on the surface of leaves that open and close to regulate gas exchange and water vapor.

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Secondary Metabolites

Complex organic molecules produced by plants that serve as defense mechanisms against herbivores.

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Why are vascular tissues important for land plants?

Vascular tissues allow plants to transport water from the roots to the leaves and food produced in the leaves throughout the plant, enabling them to grow taller and survive on land.

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What role does the cuticle play in plant survival?

The cuticle acts as a protective barrier preventing excessive water loss, which is crucial for plant survival in dry environments.

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How do stomata help plants adapt to land?

Stomata allow for controlled gas exchange (taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen) and prevent excessive water loss, essential for photosynthesis and survival in varying environments.

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Explain the importance of secondary metabolites in plant survival.

Secondary metabolites protect plants from herbivores by producing toxins or unpleasant tastes, deterring animals from eating them.

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Seedless Plants: Coal Creators

Seedless plants, like ferns and mosses, were dominant millions of years ago, forming vast swamp forests that later became coal deposits.

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Bryophytes: Closest Relatives

Bryophytes, the nonvascular plants like mosses, are the closest living relatives to the first land plants.

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Bryophytes: Why No Fossils?

Bryophytes lack lignin, a tough material, making fossil formation rare. Spores are the primary evidence of their early existence.

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Bryophytes: Thriving in Harsh Places

Bryophytes are often found in difficult environments like tundra, due to their small size and desiccation tolerance.

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Bryophytes: Lacking Vascular Tissue

Bryophytes lack specialized conducting cells (xylem and phloem) for transporting fluids like vascular plants.

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Bryophyte Life Cycle: Sporophyte Dependence

The sporophyte (diploid stage) in bryophytes is small and dependent on the gametophyte (haploid stage) for nutrition.

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Bryophyte Reproduction: Swimming Gametes

Bryophytes reproduce using flagellated gametes (sperm and egg), which require water for movement.

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Bryophyte Embryo: Attached to Parent

Bryophyte embryos remain attached to the parent gametophyte, receiving nourishment like a developing seed.

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Spore-Bearing Leaves

Leaves specialized to produce spores, called sporophylls, which can be seen in structures like pinecones, fern fronds, and flowers.

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Strobili

Cone-like structures containing sporangia, commonly seen in conifers like pine trees.

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Seedless Vascular Plants

Plants possessing vascular tissue, leaves, and roots, but do not produce seeds.

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Club Mosses

Early seedless vascular plants, typically small, with microphylls (small leaves).

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Horsetails

Seedless vascular plants with unique hollow stems, often found in wet environments.

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Carboniferous Period

A geological period (359–299 million years ago) known for extensive swamp forests of seedless vascular plants and coal formation.

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Microphylls

Small, simple leaves found on plants like club mosses.

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Study Notes

Diversity of Plants

  • Plants play vital roles in ecosystems, influencing climate and human societies
  • Plants are a monophyletic group, descending from a single ancestor
  • Transitioning to land posed challenges for plants, including drying out, dispersing spores, supporting structure, and filtering light

The Plant Kingdom

  • Plants are a large, diverse group, numbering close to 300,000 species
  • Most are photosynthetic, using chlorophyll in chloroplasts
  • Plants have cell walls made of cellulose
  • Plant reproduction is mostly sexual
  • Plants exhibit indeterminate growth

Plant Adaptations to Life on Land

  • Key challenge for land plants is desiccation (drying out)
  • Land plants evolved structural support in air
  • Plants adapted methods of dispersal of gametes
  • Land plants adapted protective mechanisms for eggs, sperm, and zygotes

Sporangia and Spores in Seedless Plants

  • Sporophyte is diploid resulting from syngamy
  • Sporangia, structures that contain spores, appeared in land plants
  • Sporocytes produce haploid spores through meiosis
  • Spores are dispersed in the environment
  • There are two types of spores in land plants: homosporous and heterosporous

Gametangia in Seedless Plants

  • Gametangia are structures on gametophytes that produce gametes through mitosis
  • Male gametangia (antheridia) release sperm
  • Female gametangia (archegonia) contain eggs
  • Sperm in many seedless plants have flagella and swim
  • Embryos are nourished by the female gametophyte

Additional Land Plant Adaptations

  • Plants evolved organs and structures for efficient survival on land
  • Vascular tissue (xylem, phloem) for water and nutrient transport
  • Cuticle for waterproofing aerial parts
  • Stomata for gas exchange
  • Secondary metabolites to deter predators
  • Apical meristems for growth in length

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Chapter 14 Diversity Of Plants PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of plants, their diverse species, and the significant adaptations they've made to thrive on land. This quiz covers essential topics such as the structure of plants, their reproduction methods, and the challenges they face in terrestrial environments. Test your knowledge of the plant kingdom and its ecological importance.

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