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Questions and Answers
What percentage of oxygen can humans hold in their blood compared to their lungs?
What percentage of oxygen can humans hold in their blood compared to their lungs?
- 25% in blood, 58% in lungs
- 58% in blood, 25% in lungs (correct)
- 75% in blood, 25% in lungs
- 50% in blood, 30% in lungs
What biological components are primarily responsible for oxygen storage in mammals that dive?
What biological components are primarily responsible for oxygen storage in mammals that dive?
- Lungs and heart valves
- Platelets and serum
- Hemoglobin and myoglobin (correct)
- Red blood cells and plasma
Which species has the highest amount of hemoglobin mentioned in the content?
Which species has the highest amount of hemoglobin mentioned in the content?
- Northern elephant seals (correct)
- Gray whales
- Common dolphins
- Sperm whales
What maximum diving depth can northern elephant seals reach?
What maximum diving depth can northern elephant seals reach?
What is the relationship between the amount of hemoglobin/myoglobin and diving depth capability?
What is the relationship between the amount of hemoglobin/myoglobin and diving depth capability?
What physiological adaptation allows marine mammals to manage their heart rate during dives?
What physiological adaptation allows marine mammals to manage their heart rate during dives?
At what heart rate does a Weddell seal's heart drop when diving to 16m depth?
At what heart rate does a Weddell seal's heart drop when diving to 16m depth?
Which adaptation is NOT associated with marine mammals when they dive?
Which adaptation is NOT associated with marine mammals when they dive?
How does increased hemoglobin concentration benefit marine mammals during a dive?
How does increased hemoglobin concentration benefit marine mammals during a dive?
What is the effect of myoglobin concentration in marine mammals during diving?
What is the effect of myoglobin concentration in marine mammals during diving?
Which of the following figures provides information about dive statistics for air-breathing mammals?
Which of the following figures provides information about dive statistics for air-breathing mammals?
What happens to blood flow in marine mammals while they are diving?
What happens to blood flow in marine mammals while they are diving?
What happens to blood volume in marine mammals as they dive?
What happens to blood volume in marine mammals as they dive?
Flashcards
Dive Response
Dive Response
The ability of some animals to automatically adjust their physiology when diving, allowing them to stay underwater for extended periods.
Heart Rate
Heart Rate
The rate at which the heart beats, measured in beats per minute (bpm).
Blood Volume
Blood Volume
The amount of blood in the body.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
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Myoglobin
Myoglobin
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Vascular Control
Vascular Control
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Bradycardia
Bradycardia
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Metabolic Rate
Metabolic Rate
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Diving Adaptations
Diving Adaptations
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Maximum Diving Depth
Maximum Diving Depth
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Adaptation and Diving Depth
Adaptation and Diving Depth
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Study Notes
Dive Response in Marine Mammals
- Marine mammals have a dive response that allows them to stay underwater for extended periods
- This response involves physiological adaptations for oxygen storage and use
Physiological Adaptations
- Increased blood volume: Blood volume increases by 2-3 times compared to terrestrial mammals.
- Higher hemoglobin concentration: Hemoglobin concentration is 2 times greater in marine mammals compared to terrestrial mammals
- Increased myoglobin concentration: Myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein, is present in much higher concentrations in marine mammals (over 10x) compared to terrestrial mammals.
- Increased oxygen carrying capacity: Together, these factors enhance the animal's ability to store and transport oxygen.
- Splenic contraction: This action increases the hematocrit (red blood cell concentration) to increase oxygen carrying capacity
- Glycogen tissue storage: Marine mammals have a greater storage of glycogen which provides an alternative energy source
- Increased buffering capacity: Improves the body's ability to resist rapid changes in pH during metabolic reactions.
- Capillary density: Increased capillary density enhances oxygen delivery to muscles during diving
- Vascular control: This allows for better regulation of blood flow to critical tissues during dives
Heart Rate During Diving
- Heart rate slows down significantly when marine mammals dive, up to 35bpm in Weddell seals, to conserve oxygen.
Oxygen Storage Comparison
- Different types of mammals store oxygen at different percentages
- Humans store oxygen primarily in the blood vessels (58%), but in the muscles (25-30%).
- Seals, on the other hand, store oxygen in high concentrations in various parts of their body, such as the blood, muscles, and myoglobin
- This varies between species
Dive Statistics
- Dive statistics, such as maximum depth, duration, and storage capacities, vary significantly among different marine mammals (e.g., leatherback turtles, bottlenose dolphins, emperor penguins, northern elephant seals, beaked whales, sperm whales)
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