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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of diuretic drugs?
What is the definition of diuretic drugs?
What is the most commonly used carbonic anhydrase inhibitor?
What is the most commonly used carbonic anhydrase inhibitor?
Acetazolamide (Diamox)
Which of the following medications are loop diuretics?
Which of the following medications are loop diuretics?
What is the most common loop diuretic used?
What is the most common loop diuretic used?
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What are the uses of loop diuretics?
What are the uses of loop diuretics?
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Which of the following is an osmotic diuretic?
Which of the following is an osmotic diuretic?
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What are the indications for use of osmotic diuretics?
What are the indications for use of osmotic diuretics?
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Which of the following medications are potassium-sparing diuretics?
Which of the following medications are potassium-sparing diuretics?
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What are potassium-sparing diuretics also known as?
What are potassium-sparing diuretics also known as?
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What is the mechanism of action of potassium-sparing diuretics?
What is the mechanism of action of potassium-sparing diuretics?
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What are the indications for use of potassium-sparing diuretics?
What are the indications for use of potassium-sparing diuretics?
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Which of the following are thiazide diuretics?
Which of the following are thiazide diuretics?
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Which of the following is a thiazide-like diuretic?
Which of the following is a thiazide-like diuretic?
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What is the mechanism of action of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics?
What is the mechanism of action of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics?
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What are the indications for use of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics?
What are the indications for use of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics?
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What are some of the adverse effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics?
What are some of the adverse effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics?
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Which of the following is a symptom of hyperkalemia?
Which of the following is a symptom of hyperkalemia?
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Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?
Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?
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Study Notes
Diuretic Drugs
- Diuretic drugs increase urine production, removing sodium and water from the body. Common uses include treating hypertension, heart failure, and kidney failure.
Diuretic Sites of Action: The Nephron
- Diuretics act on different parts of the nephron, influencing fluid and electrolyte reabsorption.
Types of Diuretic Drugs
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs): Acetazolamide (Diamox) is the primary example.
- Loop diuretics: Bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide (Lasix), and torsemide are common types. Furosemide is most frequently used.
- Osmotic diuretics: Mannitol is the most utilized osmotic diuretic, administered intravenously. Other examples include urea, organic acids, and glucose.
- Potassium-sparing diuretics: Spironolactone, triamterene, and amiloride are examples.
- Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics: Hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, metolazone, chlorthalidone, and indapamide are included in this category.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (CAIs)
- Mechanism of Action: CAIs block carbonic anhydrase, reducing H+ ions in renal tubules. This leads to increased excretion of bicarbonate, sodium, water, and potassium, thus increasing urine volume.
- Interactions: Increased risk of hypokalemia when combined with digoxin, corticosteroids, amphetamines, carbamazepine, cyclosporine, phenytoin, and quinidine.
Loop Diuretics
- Mechanism of Action: Work in the ascending loop of Henle, blocking sodium and chloride reabsorption, preventing water uptake. Also increase renal prostaglandins to dilate blood vessels and reduce resistance.
- Uses: Pulmonary edema, edema related to heart failure, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, ascites, and hypertension.
- Adverse Effects: Potent diuresis, decreasing blood pressure, pulmonary/systemic vascular resistance, central venous pressure, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Can also cause potassium and sodium loss.
Osmotic Diuretics
- Mechanism of Action: Nonabsorbable substances create an osmotic effect, pulling water into renal tubules and inhibiting water and solute reabsorption.
- Indications: Acute renal failure (early oliguric phase), excreting toxic substances, reducing intracranial pressure, and treating cerebral edema.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
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Mechanism of Action: Prevent potassium secretion by blocking aldosterone receptors or directly preventing potassium reabsorption.
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Indications: Hyperaldosteronism, hypertension, reversing potassium loss from other drugs, and certain heart failure cases. (Spironolactone and triamterene). Amiloride has similar uses but possibly lower long-term effectiveness.
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Adverse Effects: Dizziness, headache, GI cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary frequency, weakness, hyperkalemia.
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Interactions: Lithium, ACE inhibitors, potassium supplements, and NSAIDs.
Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics
- Mechanism of Action: Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption, primarily in the distal convoluted tubule. Also dilate arterioles.
- Indications: Hypertension, edema, idiopathic hypercalciuria, diabetes insipidus, heart failure.
- Adverse Effects: Dizziness, headache, blurred vision, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, impotence, jaundice, leukopenia, urticaria, photosensitivity, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypochloremic alkalosis.
Hyperkalemia Symptoms
- Dizziness, muscle cramps, cardiac irregularities, weakness, nausea, and diarrhea.
Potassium Deficiency Symptoms
- Alkalosis, shallow respirations, irritability, confusion, drowsiness, weakness, arrhythmias, tachycardia, lethargy, thready pulse, altered intestinal motility (nausea, vomiting, ileus).
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Description
This quiz covers the types, mechanisms, and uses of diuretic drugs, including their effects on the nephron. Learn about the various classes of diuretics, such as loop diuretics and potassium-sparing agents, and their applications in treating conditions like hypertension and heart failure.
