Distributed Systems Consistency and Atomic Commit Protocols Quiz
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Questions and Answers

In a non-linearizable system, what can be used to ensure partial causality?

  • Timestamps (correct)
  • Nested transactions
  • Transaction coordinator
  • Locks

    • What is the effect of serializability and recoverability in a distributed system?

  • Ensuring that an operation is completed at all participants or at none (correct)
  • Preventing network failures
  • Ensuring total ordering of transactions
  • Enabling nested transactions

    • What happens when a nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol?

  • It reboots the transaction coordinator
  • It reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent (correct)
  • It sends a status request to all processors
  • It waits for confirmation from the transaction coordinator

    • What action does P2 need to take in the given scenario to commit?

    <p>Receive 3 'Yes' responses from other processors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to ensure a system is totally ordered and causally consistent?

    <p>Locks and a transaction coordinator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an operation to be completed at all participants or at none in a distributed system?

    <p>Serializability and recoverability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the two-phase commit protocol check before committing a top-level transaction?

    <p>It checks the descendants and makes sure they can still commit or must abort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does P2 send to all processors in the given scenario?

    <p>A 'status' request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the transaction coordinator do upon receiving 3 'Yes' responses?

    <p>Abort to all processors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the nodes that ran unsuccessful descendants in the two-phase commit protocol?

    <p>They discover the outcome by querying the top-level transaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of distributed systems, what is the purpose of linearizability?

    <p>To provide a guarantee of real-time ordering of operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key aspect of eventual consistency in distributed systems?

    <p>Data replicas may return different values due to replication lag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of systems are prone to faults and unreliable behavior in distributed systems?

    <p>Unreliable communication systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IPFS in the context of distributed systems?

    <p>Facilitating decentralized file storage and sharing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is essential to maintain consistency in a replicated database?

    <p>Order and causality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the tour D‘Horizon on Distributed Systems?

    <p>Overview of distributed systems and data encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'knowledge, truth, lies' refer to in the context of distributed systems?

    <p>Concerns about the accuracy and consistency of information in distributed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of encoding data in language-specific formats like JSON, XML, and Binary?

    <p>To facilitate interoperability and data exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems?

    <p>To explore guarantees and challenges related to maintaining consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of distributed systems, what is the significance of faults in unreliable networks and clocks?

    <p>They can lead to inconsistencies and unreliable communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed?

    <p>Linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial property for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases?

    <p>Atomicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol involves a prepare phase where entities respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the coordinator sends commit messages if all entities agree?

    <p>Two-phase commit (2PC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system ensures that the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time?

    <p>Linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a distributed system, what is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately?

    <p>Locking mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce?

    <p>Linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol involves a single authoritative entity and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure?

    <p>One-phase commit (1PC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality in a distributed system?

    <p>Linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction, providing correctness and liveness?

    <p>Atomic commit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency in a distributed system?

    <p>Causal ordering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Order and causality do not matter to keep consistency in distributed systems

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eventual consistency ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linearizability guarantees that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency in a distributed system

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unreliable Communication Systems are not prone to faults and unreliable behavior in distributed systems

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of IPFS in the context of distributed systems is to provide a decentralized method for storing and accessing data

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems is to explore guarantees, linearizability, and ordering to ensure correctness and liveness in distributed systems

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a distributed system, the consistency and consensus of data are not crucial for maintaining the system's reliability and correctness

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Unreliable Networks and Clocks in distributed systems do not contribute to potential faults and unreliable behavior

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language-specific formats like JSON, XML, and Binary are not used to encode data in distributed systems

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Faults, unreliable networks, and clocks have no significance in the context of distributed systems

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Timestamps can be used to ensure partial causality in non-linearizable systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locks and a transaction coordinator can be used to ensure a system totally ordered and causally consistent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The act of making different entities work together in a distributed system for a goal or effect is an effect of serializability and recoverability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the two-phase commit protocol, when a nested transaction commits, it reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    P2 needs 3 'Yes' from others to commit in the given scenario.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given scenario, P2 sends 'status' request to all processors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given scenario, the transaction coordinator receives 4/5 'Yes' responses and sends 'commit' to 4 processors and 'abort' to the remaining one.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two-phase commit protocol is used to ensure that an operation is completed at all participants or at none.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given scenario, the transaction coordinator receives 3/5 'Yes' responses and sends 'abort' to all processors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a distributed system, linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linearizability allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of language-specific formats used in distributed systems for encoding data?

    <p>JSON, XML, Binary, ASN.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of eventual consistency in distributed systems?

    <p>Ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does order and causality matter to keep consistency in distributed systems?

    <p>To ensure that any two replicas of an object in a replicated database do not return different values due to replication lag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some aspects of Consistency and Consensus in Distributed Systems?

    <p>Guarantees, Linearizability, Ordering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems?

    <p>To explore guarantees, linearizability, and ordering to ensure correctness and liveness in distributed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of faults in unreliable networks and clocks in distributed systems?

    <p>Contributes to potential faults and unreliable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does linearizability ensure consistency in a distributed system?

    <p>Ensures that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IPFS in the context of distributed systems?

    <p>To provide a decentralized method for storing and accessing data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of encoding data in language-specific formats like JSON, XML, and Binary in distributed systems?

    <p>To facilitate interoperability and data exchange between different systems and platforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key aspect of eventual consistency in distributed systems?

    <p>Data will eventually become consistent across all replicas when no new writes are performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of linearizability and its significance in distributed systems.

    <p>Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed. It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations. A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the desirable properties of an atomic commit protocol and why are they crucial in distributed databases?

    <p>The desirable properties of an atomic commit protocol include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction. Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the two-phase commit (2PC) protocol and its role in ensuring transaction success or failure.

    <p>The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where entities respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the coordinator sends commit messages if all entities agree. It ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction, thus determining its success or failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted in a distributed system?

    <p>In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted to reflect the new value immediately and ensure that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency. Without this assurance, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, potentially leading to inconsistencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between linearizability and serializability, and explain their significance in maintaining consistency in distributed systems.

    <p>A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, ensuring that all replicas show consistent and up-to-date data. On the other hand, a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations. Both linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a coordinator in the one-phase commit (1PC) protocol, and how does it ensure transaction success or failure?

    <p>The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure. The coordinator oversees the entire process and makes the final decision based on the responses from the participating entities, ensuring the outcome of the transaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the importance of atomic commit protocols in ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases, and elaborate on the desirable properties of these protocols.

    <p>Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases. The desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction, thereby maintaining the integrity and reliability of the database.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of causality in distributed systems and its relationship to linearizability and serializability.

    <p>Causality is a fundamental concept in distributed systems, and linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality. Linearizability ensures that the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time, while serializability concerns the execution order of operations, preserving causality when a transaction coordinator is not present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a distributed system achieve linearizability, and what are the potential methods for ensuring it?

    <p>It is possible to achieve linearizability through methods such as using a strict lock or coordinator. A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, ensuring that all replicas show consistent and up-to-date data, thereby providing the most up-to-date value for read operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the challenges and benefits of linearizability and serializability in distributed systems, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce.

    <p>Both linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce. However, they may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability, making it essential to carefully weigh the benefits and challenges of implementing these consistency models in distributed systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between timestamps and partial causality in non-linearizable systems?

    <p>Timestamps can be used to ensure partial causality in non-linearizable systems, allowing the determination of the relation of certain/some transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can locks and a transaction coordinator ensure system total ordering and causal consistency?

    <p>Locks and a transaction coordinator can be used to ensure a system totally ordered and causally consistent, making it possible to determine the relation of all transactions at any point in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of serializability and recoverability in a distributed system?

    <p>The act of making different entities (e.g., processes) work together in a distributed system for a goal or effect is an effect of serializability and recoverability. It guarantees that an operation is completed at all participants or at none.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential failures in a distributed system involving a Transaction Coordinator (TC)?

    <p>The potential failures in a distributed system involving a Transaction Coordinator (TC) include TC crashes before a transaction is completed, one of the nodes crashing, and failures of network links.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol?

    <p>When a nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol, it reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent. Therefore, when the top-level transaction starts the two-phase commit protocol, its list of committed descendants is correct. It checks the descendants and makes sure they can still commit or must abort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given scenario, what does P2 need to commit?

    <p>In the given scenario, P2 needs 3 'Yes' responses from others to commit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the transaction coordinator receiving 3/5 'Yes' responses in the given scenario?

    <p>The transaction coordinator receives 3/5 'Yes' responses and sends 'abort' to all processors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a linearizable system ensure consistency in a distributed database?

    <p>A linearizable system ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems?

    <p>The goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems is to explore guarantees, linearizability, and ordering to ensure correctness and liveness in distributed systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of timestamps in non-linearizable systems?

    <p>Timestamps can be used to ensure partial causality in non-linearizable systems, allowing the determination of the relation of certain/some transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consistency and Consensus in Distributed Systems are important for maintaining the system's ______ and ______

    <p>reliability, correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a replicated database, any two replicas of an object might return different values due to ______

    <p>replication lag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eventual consistency ensures that eventually, all replicas of a database will show ______ and up-to-date data when no writes are performed

    <p>consistent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Order and causality matters to keep ______ in distributed systems

    <p>consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tour D‘Horizon on Distributed Systems covers language-specific formats such as ______, XML, Binary, and ASN.1

    <p>JSON</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unreliable Communication Systems in distributed systems involve faults, unreliable networks, and ______

    <p>clocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no ______ are performed

    <p>writes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary focus of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems is to provide ______ and ______

    <p>guarantees, ordering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The act of making different entities work together in a distributed system for a goal or effect is an effect of ______ and ______

    <p>serializability, recoverability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems is to ensure correctness and ______ of data

    <p>liveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An effect of serializability and recoverability in a distributed system is ____________

    <p>coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whenever a nested transaction commits, it reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent. Therefore, when a transaction enters the committed state, it has a correct list of its committed descendants. Therefore, when the top-level transaction starts the two-phase commit protocol, its list of committed descendants is correct. It checks the descendants and makes sure they can still commit or must abort. There may be nodes that ran unsuccessful descendants which are not included in the two-phase commit protocol. These will discover the outcome by querying the top-level transaction. This process ensures ____________

    <p>consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the two-phase commit protocol, when a nested transaction commits, it reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent. Therefore, when a transaction enters the committed state, it has a correct list of its committed descendants. Therefore, when the top-level transaction starts the two-phase commit protocol, its list of committed descendants is correct. It checks the descendants and makes sure they can still commit or must abort. There may be nodes that ran unsuccessful descendants which are not included in the two-phase commit protocol. These will discover the outcome by querying the top-level transaction. This process ensures ____________

    <p>consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given scenario, the transaction coordinator receives 4/5 'Yes' responses and sends 'commit' to 4 processors and 'abort' to the remaining one. This demonstrates the importance of ensuring ____________ in distributed systems

    <p>consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The act of making different entities work together in a distributed system for a goal or effect is an effect of serializability and recoverability. This demonstrates the importance of ____________ in distributed systems

    <p>coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linearizability guarantees that all transactions are seen in the same order for ____________ in a distributed system

    <p>consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a non-linearizable system, ____________ can be used to ensure partial causality

    <p>timestamps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Timestamps can be used to ensure partial causality in ____________ systems

    <p>non-linearizable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of distributed systems, ____________ ensures that the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time

    <p>linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of distributed systems, what is the significance of the transaction coordinator receiving 3/5 'Yes' responses in the given scenario? It demonstrates the need for ____________ in ensuring transaction success or failure

    <p>coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does P2 send to all processors in the given scenario? P2 sends 'status' request to all processors, demonstrating the need for ____________ in the distributed system

    <p>coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed

    <p>Linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations

    <p>Linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time

    <p>Linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality

    <p>Linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases

    <p>Atomic commit protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desirable properties of an ______ include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction

    <p>atomic commit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure

    <p>one-phase commit (1PC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree

    <p>two-phase commit (2PC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that ______ are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency

    <p>atomic operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Without a ______, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present

    <p>coordinator and enforcing locks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following encoding formats with their use in Distributed Systems:

    <p>JSON = Data interchange format XML = Markup language for documents Binary = Efficient storage and transmission of data ASN.1 = Standard for encoding rules and data structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their description in Distributed Systems:

    <p>Faults = Unexpected errors or malfunctions in a system Unreliable Networks and Clocks = Networks and clocks that may produce inaccurate or inconsistent results Knowledge, Truth, Lies = Concept related to the accuracy and integrity of information in a distributed system Eventual consistency = Consistency model in which data replicas will eventually converge to the same state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following guarantees with their description in Distributed Systems:

    <p>Guarantees = Assurances or promises provided by a distributed system Linearizability = Consistency model ensuring that all operations appear to have executed in a sequential and consistent order Ordering = Arranging of operations or events in a specific sequence IPFS = Decentralized method for storing and accessing data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their significance in Consistency and Consensus in Distributed Systems:

    <p>Replication lag = Delay in propagating updates across replicated databases Consistency = Ensuring order and causality to maintain data integrity Consensus = Agreement among distributed entities on a certain value or course of action Causality = Establishing cause-and-effect relationships between events or operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protocols with their purpose in Distributed Systems:

    <p>One-phase commit (1PC) = Ensuring transaction success or failure with a single authoritative entity Two-phase commit (2PC) = Coordinating the prepare and commit phases for entities to agree on transaction outcome IPFS = Providing a decentralized method for storing and accessing data Atomic commit protocol = Ensuring atomicity of distributed database transactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Partial causality in non-linearizable systems = Use of timestamps to determine the relation of certain/some transactions Total ordering and causal consistency = Use of locks and a transaction coordinator to determine the relation of all transactions in any point in time Serializability and recoverability = Ensuring that an operation is completed at all participants or at none Two-phase commit protocol = Checking the status of committed descendants and ensuring they can still commit or must abort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scenarios with their outcomes:

    <p>Transaction Coordinator (TC) crashes before a transaction is completed = One of the nodes crashes Nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol = Correct list of committed descendants reported to parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their descriptions:

    <p>P2 sends 'status' request to all processors = TC waiting for responses P2 rebooting = TC waiting for responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Linearizability = Stronger than causal consistency in ensuring causality Eventual consistency = Ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Atomic commit protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases Unreliable Communication Systems = Prone to faults and unreliable behavior in distributed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their effects:

    <p>Causality in distributed systems = Allows the determination of the relation of certain/some transactions using timestamps Serializability and recoverability = Ensures that an operation is completed at all participants or at none Two-phase commit protocol = Checks the status of committed descendants and ensures they can still commit or must abort Eventual consistency = Ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their roles in distributed systems:

    <p>Timestamps = Used to determine the relation of certain/some transactions Transaction Coordinator (TC) = Coordinates the two-phase commit protocol and handles possible failures in a distributed system Locks = Used to ensure a system is totally ordered and causally consistent Atomic commit protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protocols with their processes:

    <p>Two-phase commit protocol = Prepare phase where entities respond with their willingness to commit, and commit phase where the coordinator sends commit messages if all entities agree Nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol = Reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent, and checks the descendants and ensures they can still commit or must abort P2 sends 'status' request to all processors = TC waiting for responses, P2 requires 3 'Yes' from others to commit TC receives 3/5 'Yes' in the two-phase commit protocol = Aborts to all processors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their outcomes in distributed systems:

    <p>Serializability and recoverability = Ensuring that an operation is completed at all participants or at none Partial causality in non-linearizable systems = Use of timestamps to determine the relation of certain/some transactions Total ordering and causal consistency = Use of locks and a transaction coordinator to determine the relation of all transactions in any point in time Two-phase commit protocol = Checking the status of committed descendants and ensuring they can still commit or must abort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their implications in distributed systems:

    <p>Causality in distributed systems = Allows the determination of the relation of certain/some transactions using timestamps Serializability and recoverability = Ensures that an operation is completed at all participants or at none Two-phase commit protocol = Checks the status of committed descendants and ensures they can still commit or must abort Eventual consistency = Ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their functions in distributed systems:

    <p>Timestamps = Used to determine the relation of certain/some transactions Transaction Coordinator (TC) = Coordinates the two-phase commit protocol and handles possible failures in a distributed system Locks = Used to ensure a system is totally ordered and causally consistent Atomic commit protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following consistency and consensus concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Linearizability = Ensures all replicas of a database show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Serializability = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Atomic Commit Protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness Causal Consistency = Not the only way to ensure causality and is weaker than linearizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following atomic commit protocols with their characteristics:

    <p>One-phase commit (1PC) protocol = Involves a single authoritative entity and four entities to ensure a transaction's success or failure Two-phase commit (2PC) protocol = Involves a prepare phase where participants respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where commit messages are sent if all agree Correctness and liveness = Ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction Strict serializability = Crucial for ensuring consistency in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following distributed system concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Ordering and causality = Preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensures that transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Linearizable system = Returns the most recent value of a write and can be achieved with a strict lock or coordinator Serialized system = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Consistency and consensus = Important for maintaining correctness and liveness in distributed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following consistency and consensus concepts with their importance in distributed systems:

    <p>Linearizability = Ensures all replicas of a database show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Serializability = Crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Atomic Commit Protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness Causal Consistency = Important for preserving causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensuring transactions are seen in the same order for consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following distributed system concepts with their roles and characteristics:

    <p>One-phase commit (1PC) protocol = Involves a single authoritative entity and four entities to ensure a transaction's success or failure Two-phase commit (2PC) protocol = Involves a prepare phase where participants respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where commit messages are sent if all agree Linearizable system = Returns the most recent value of a write and can be achieved with a strict lock or coordinator Serialized system = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following distributed system concepts with their significance in maintaining consistency and liveness:

    <p>Ordering and causality = Preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensures that transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Linearizable system = Ensures all replicas of a database show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Serialized system = Crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Consistency and consensus = Important for maintaining correctness and liveness in distributed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following atomic commit protocols with their importance for ensuring consistency and liveness:

    <p>One-phase commit (1PC) protocol = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness Two-phase commit (2PC) protocol = Ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction Correctness and liveness = Involves a prepare phase where participants respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where commit messages are sent if all agree Strict serializability = Important for ensuring consistency in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following distributed system concepts with their impact on replicated databases:

    <p>Linearizable system = Returns the most recent value of a write and can be achieved with a strict lock or coordinator Serialized system = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Causal Consistency = Important for preserving causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensuring transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Atomic Commit Protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following distributed system concepts with their impact on distributed transactions:

    <p>Ordering and causality = Ensures that transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Linearizable system = Returns the most recent value of a write and can be achieved with a strict lock or coordinator Serialized system = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Consistency and consensus = Important for maintaining correctness and liveness in distributed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following consistency and consensus concepts with their impact on distributed databases:

    <p>Linearizability = Ensures all replicas of a database show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Serializability = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Causal Consistency = Important for preserving causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensuring transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Atomic Commit Protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following atomic commit protocols with their impact on distributed transactions:

    <p>One-phase commit (1PC) protocol = Involves a single authoritative entity and four entities to ensure a transaction's success or failure Two-phase commit (2PC) protocol = Involves a prepare phase where participants respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where commit messages are sent if all agree Correctness and liveness = Ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction Strict serializability = Crucial for ensuring consistency in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols

    • Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
    • It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
    • A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
    • Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
    • Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
    • Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
    • The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
    • The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
    • In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
    • Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
    • A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
    • Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.

    Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols

    • Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
    • It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
    • A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
    • Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
    • Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
    • Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
    • The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
    • The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
    • In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
    • Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
    • A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
    • Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.

    Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols

    • Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
    • It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
    • A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
    • Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
    • Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
    • Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
    • The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
    • The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
    • In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
    • Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
    • A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
    • Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.

    Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols

    • Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
    • It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
    • A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
    • Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
    • Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
    • Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
    • The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
    • The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
    • In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
    • Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
    • A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
    • Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.

    Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols

    • Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
    • It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
    • A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
    • Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
    • Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
    • Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
    • The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
    • The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
    • In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
    • Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
    • A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
    • Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.

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    Distributed Systems Exercise 03 PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of linearizability, serializability, and atomic commit protocols with this quiz. Explore the concepts of ensuring consistency and up-to-date data in distributed systems, the role of atomic commit protocols in maintaining ACID principles, and the differences between one-phase and two-phase commit protocols. Dive into the crucial aspects of ensuring correctness, liveness, and maintaining causality in distributed databases.

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