147 Questions
In a non-linearizable system, what can be used to ensure partial causality?
Timestamps
What is the effect of serializability and recoverability in a distributed system?
Ensuring that an operation is completed at all participants or at none
What happens when a nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol?
It reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent
What action does P2 need to take in the given scenario to commit?
Receive 3 'Yes' responses from other processors
What is used to ensure a system is totally ordered and causally consistent?
Locks and a transaction coordinator
What causes an operation to be completed at all participants or at none in a distributed system?
Serializability and recoverability
What does the two-phase commit protocol check before committing a top-level transaction?
It checks the descendants and makes sure they can still commit or must abort
What does P2 send to all processors in the given scenario?
A 'status' request
What does the transaction coordinator do upon receiving 3 'Yes' responses?
Abort to all processors
What happens to the nodes that ran unsuccessful descendants in the two-phase commit protocol?
They discover the outcome by querying the top-level transaction
In the context of distributed systems, what is the purpose of linearizability?
To provide a guarantee of real-time ordering of operations
What is the key aspect of eventual consistency in distributed systems?
Data replicas may return different values due to replication lag
Which type of systems are prone to faults and unreliable behavior in distributed systems?
Unreliable communication systems
What is the role of IPFS in the context of distributed systems?
Facilitating decentralized file storage and sharing
Which concept is essential to maintain consistency in a replicated database?
Order and causality
What is the primary focus of the tour D‘Horizon on Distributed Systems?
Overview of distributed systems and data encoding
What does the term 'knowledge, truth, lies' refer to in the context of distributed systems?
Concerns about the accuracy and consistency of information in distributed systems
What is the main purpose of encoding data in language-specific formats like JSON, XML, and Binary?
To facilitate interoperability and data exchange
What is the goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems?
To explore guarantees and challenges related to maintaining consistency
In the context of distributed systems, what is the significance of faults in unreliable networks and clocks?
They can lead to inconsistencies and unreliable communication
Which property ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed?
Linearizability
What is the crucial property for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases?
Atomicity
Which protocol involves a prepare phase where entities respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the coordinator sends commit messages if all entities agree?
Two-phase commit (2PC)
Which system ensures that the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time?
Linearizability
In a distributed system, what is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately?
Locking mechanism
What is crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce?
Linearizability
Which protocol involves a single authoritative entity and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure?
One-phase commit (1PC)
What is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality in a distributed system?
Linearizability
Which property ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction, providing correctness and liveness?
Atomic commit
What ensures that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency in a distributed system?
Causal ordering
Order and causality do not matter to keep consistency in distributed systems
False
Eventual consistency ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
True
Linearizability guarantees that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency in a distributed system
True
Unreliable Communication Systems are not prone to faults and unreliable behavior in distributed systems
False
The role of IPFS in the context of distributed systems is to provide a decentralized method for storing and accessing data
True
The goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems is to explore guarantees, linearizability, and ordering to ensure correctness and liveness in distributed systems
True
In a distributed system, the consistency and consensus of data are not crucial for maintaining the system's reliability and correctness
False
The Unreliable Networks and Clocks in distributed systems do not contribute to potential faults and unreliable behavior
False
Language-specific formats like JSON, XML, and Binary are not used to encode data in distributed systems
False
Faults, unreliable networks, and clocks have no significance in the context of distributed systems
False
Timestamps can be used to ensure partial causality in non-linearizable systems.
True
Locks and a transaction coordinator can be used to ensure a system totally ordered and causally consistent.
True
The act of making different entities work together in a distributed system for a goal or effect is an effect of serializability and recoverability.
False
In the two-phase commit protocol, when a nested transaction commits, it reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent.
True
P2 needs 3 'Yes' from others to commit in the given scenario.
True
In the given scenario, P2 sends 'status' request to all processors.
True
In the given scenario, the transaction coordinator receives 4/5 'Yes' responses and sends 'commit' to 4 processors and 'abort' to the remaining one.
True
The two-phase commit protocol is used to ensure that an operation is completed at all participants or at none.
True
In the given scenario, the transaction coordinator receives 3/5 'Yes' responses and sends 'abort' to all processors.
True
In a distributed system, linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed.
False
Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
True
A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
True
Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
True
Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
True
The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
True
Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
True
A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
True
Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability
True
Linearizability allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
True
Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
True
What are some examples of language-specific formats used in distributed systems for encoding data?
JSON, XML, Binary, ASN.1
What is the concept of eventual consistency in distributed systems?
Ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
Why does order and causality matter to keep consistency in distributed systems?
To ensure that any two replicas of an object in a replicated database do not return different values due to replication lag
What are some aspects of Consistency and Consensus in Distributed Systems?
Guarantees, Linearizability, Ordering
What is the main goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems?
To explore guarantees, linearizability, and ordering to ensure correctness and liveness in distributed systems
What is the significance of faults in unreliable networks and clocks in distributed systems?
Contributes to potential faults and unreliable behavior
How does linearizability ensure consistency in a distributed system?
Ensures that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
What is the role of IPFS in the context of distributed systems?
To provide a decentralized method for storing and accessing data
What is the purpose of encoding data in language-specific formats like JSON, XML, and Binary in distributed systems?
To facilitate interoperability and data exchange between different systems and platforms
What is the key aspect of eventual consistency in distributed systems?
Data will eventually become consistent across all replicas when no new writes are performed
Explain the concept of linearizability and its significance in distributed systems.
Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed. It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations. A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time.
What are the desirable properties of an atomic commit protocol and why are they crucial in distributed databases?
The desirable properties of an atomic commit protocol include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction. Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases.
Describe the two-phase commit (2PC) protocol and its role in ensuring transaction success or failure.
The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where entities respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the coordinator sends commit messages if all entities agree. It ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction, thus determining its success or failure.
Why is it crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted in a distributed system?
In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted to reflect the new value immediately and ensure that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency. Without this assurance, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, potentially leading to inconsistencies.
Differentiate between linearizability and serializability, and explain their significance in maintaining consistency in distributed systems.
A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, ensuring that all replicas show consistent and up-to-date data. On the other hand, a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations. Both linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.
What is the role of a coordinator in the one-phase commit (1PC) protocol, and how does it ensure transaction success or failure?
The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure. The coordinator oversees the entire process and makes the final decision based on the responses from the participating entities, ensuring the outcome of the transaction.
Discuss the importance of atomic commit protocols in ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases, and elaborate on the desirable properties of these protocols.
Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases. The desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction, thereby maintaining the integrity and reliability of the database.
Explain the concept of causality in distributed systems and its relationship to linearizability and serializability.
Causality is a fundamental concept in distributed systems, and linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality. Linearizability ensures that the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time, while serializability concerns the execution order of operations, preserving causality when a transaction coordinator is not present.
How can a distributed system achieve linearizability, and what are the potential methods for ensuring it?
It is possible to achieve linearizability through methods such as using a strict lock or coordinator. A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, ensuring that all replicas show consistent and up-to-date data, thereby providing the most up-to-date value for read operations.
Discuss the challenges and benefits of linearizability and serializability in distributed systems, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce.
Both linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce. However, they may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability, making it essential to carefully weigh the benefits and challenges of implementing these consistency models in distributed systems.
What is the relationship between timestamps and partial causality in non-linearizable systems?
Timestamps can be used to ensure partial causality in non-linearizable systems, allowing the determination of the relation of certain/some transactions.
How can locks and a transaction coordinator ensure system total ordering and causal consistency?
Locks and a transaction coordinator can be used to ensure a system totally ordered and causally consistent, making it possible to determine the relation of all transactions at any point in time.
What is the effect of serializability and recoverability in a distributed system?
The act of making different entities (e.g., processes) work together in a distributed system for a goal or effect is an effect of serializability and recoverability. It guarantees that an operation is completed at all participants or at none.
What are the potential failures in a distributed system involving a Transaction Coordinator (TC)?
The potential failures in a distributed system involving a Transaction Coordinator (TC) include TC crashes before a transaction is completed, one of the nodes crashing, and failures of network links.
What happens when a nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol?
When a nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol, it reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent. Therefore, when the top-level transaction starts the two-phase commit protocol, its list of committed descendants is correct. It checks the descendants and makes sure they can still commit or must abort.
In the given scenario, what does P2 need to commit?
In the given scenario, P2 needs 3 'Yes' responses from others to commit.
What is the significance of the transaction coordinator receiving 3/5 'Yes' responses in the given scenario?
The transaction coordinator receives 3/5 'Yes' responses and sends 'abort' to all processors.
How does a linearizable system ensure consistency in a distributed database?
A linearizable system ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed.
What is the goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems?
The goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems is to explore guarantees, linearizability, and ordering to ensure correctness and liveness in distributed systems.
What is the purpose of timestamps in non-linearizable systems?
Timestamps can be used to ensure partial causality in non-linearizable systems, allowing the determination of the relation of certain/some transactions.
Consistency and Consensus in Distributed Systems are important for maintaining the system's ______ and ______
reliability, correctness
In a replicated database, any two replicas of an object might return different values due to ______
replication lag
Eventual consistency ensures that eventually, all replicas of a database will show ______ and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
consistent
Order and causality matters to keep ______ in distributed systems
consistency
The tour D‘Horizon on Distributed Systems covers language-specific formats such as ______, XML, Binary, and ASN.1
JSON
Unreliable Communication Systems in distributed systems involve faults, unreliable networks, and ______
clocks
Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no ______ are performed
writes
The primary focus of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems is to provide ______ and ______
guarantees, ordering
The act of making different entities work together in a distributed system for a goal or effect is an effect of ______ and ______
serializability, recoverability
The goal of the Consistency and Consensus section in Distributed Systems is to ensure correctness and ______ of data
liveness
An effect of serializability and recoverability in a distributed system is ____________
coordination
Whenever a nested transaction commits, it reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent. Therefore, when a transaction enters the committed state, it has a correct list of its committed descendants. Therefore, when the top-level transaction starts the two-phase commit protocol, its list of committed descendants is correct. It checks the descendants and makes sure they can still commit or must abort. There may be nodes that ran unsuccessful descendants which are not included in the two-phase commit protocol. These will discover the outcome by querying the top-level transaction. This process ensures ____________
consistency
In the two-phase commit protocol, when a nested transaction commits, it reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent. Therefore, when a transaction enters the committed state, it has a correct list of its committed descendants. Therefore, when the top-level transaction starts the two-phase commit protocol, its list of committed descendants is correct. It checks the descendants and makes sure they can still commit or must abort. There may be nodes that ran unsuccessful descendants which are not included in the two-phase commit protocol. These will discover the outcome by querying the top-level transaction. This process ensures ____________
consistency
In the given scenario, the transaction coordinator receives 4/5 'Yes' responses and sends 'commit' to 4 processors and 'abort' to the remaining one. This demonstrates the importance of ensuring ____________ in distributed systems
consistency
The act of making different entities work together in a distributed system for a goal or effect is an effect of serializability and recoverability. This demonstrates the importance of ____________ in distributed systems
coordination
Linearizability guarantees that all transactions are seen in the same order for ____________ in a distributed system
consistency
In a non-linearizable system, ____________ can be used to ensure partial causality
timestamps
Timestamps can be used to ensure partial causality in ____________ systems
non-linearizable
In the context of distributed systems, ____________ ensures that the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
linearizability
In the context of distributed systems, what is the significance of the transaction coordinator receiving 3/5 'Yes' responses in the given scenario? It demonstrates the need for ____________ in ensuring transaction success or failure
coordination
What does P2 send to all processors in the given scenario? P2 sends 'status' request to all processors, demonstrating the need for ____________ in the distributed system
coordination
______ ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
Linearizability
It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
Linearizability
A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
Linearizability
______ is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
Linearizability
______ are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
Atomic commit protocols
Desirable properties of an ______ include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
atomic commit
The ______ protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
one-phase commit (1PC)
The ______ protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
two-phase commit (2PC)
In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that ______ are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
atomic operations
Without a ______, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
coordinator and enforcing locks
Match the following encoding formats with their use in Distributed Systems:
JSON = Data interchange format XML = Markup language for documents Binary = Efficient storage and transmission of data ASN.1 = Standard for encoding rules and data structures
Match the following concepts with their description in Distributed Systems:
Faults = Unexpected errors or malfunctions in a system Unreliable Networks and Clocks = Networks and clocks that may produce inaccurate or inconsistent results Knowledge, Truth, Lies = Concept related to the accuracy and integrity of information in a distributed system Eventual consistency = Consistency model in which data replicas will eventually converge to the same state
Match the following guarantees with their description in Distributed Systems:
Guarantees = Assurances or promises provided by a distributed system Linearizability = Consistency model ensuring that all operations appear to have executed in a sequential and consistent order Ordering = Arranging of operations or events in a specific sequence IPFS = Decentralized method for storing and accessing data
Match the following terms with their significance in Consistency and Consensus in Distributed Systems:
Replication lag = Delay in propagating updates across replicated databases Consistency = Ensuring order and causality to maintain data integrity Consensus = Agreement among distributed entities on a certain value or course of action Causality = Establishing cause-and-effect relationships between events or operations
Match the following protocols with their purpose in Distributed Systems:
One-phase commit (1PC) = Ensuring transaction success or failure with a single authoritative entity Two-phase commit (2PC) = Coordinating the prepare and commit phases for entities to agree on transaction outcome IPFS = Providing a decentralized method for storing and accessing data Atomic commit protocol = Ensuring atomicity of distributed database transactions
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Partial causality in non-linearizable systems = Use of timestamps to determine the relation of certain/some transactions Total ordering and causal consistency = Use of locks and a transaction coordinator to determine the relation of all transactions in any point in time Serializability and recoverability = Ensuring that an operation is completed at all participants or at none Two-phase commit protocol = Checking the status of committed descendants and ensuring they can still commit or must abort
Match the following scenarios with their outcomes:
Transaction Coordinator (TC) crashes before a transaction is completed = One of the nodes crashes Nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol = Correct list of committed descendants reported to parent
Match the following events with their descriptions:
P2 sends 'status' request to all processors = TC waiting for responses P2 rebooting = TC waiting for responses
Match the following terms with their meanings:
Linearizability = Stronger than causal consistency in ensuring causality Eventual consistency = Ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Atomic commit protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases Unreliable Communication Systems = Prone to faults and unreliable behavior in distributed systems
Match the following concepts with their effects:
Causality in distributed systems = Allows the determination of the relation of certain/some transactions using timestamps Serializability and recoverability = Ensures that an operation is completed at all participants or at none Two-phase commit protocol = Checks the status of committed descendants and ensures they can still commit or must abort Eventual consistency = Ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
Match the following terms with their roles in distributed systems:
Timestamps = Used to determine the relation of certain/some transactions Transaction Coordinator (TC) = Coordinates the two-phase commit protocol and handles possible failures in a distributed system Locks = Used to ensure a system is totally ordered and causally consistent Atomic commit protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
Match the following protocols with their processes:
Two-phase commit protocol = Prepare phase where entities respond with their willingness to commit, and commit phase where the coordinator sends commit messages if all entities agree Nested transaction commits in the two-phase commit protocol = Reports its status and the status of its descendants to its parent, and checks the descendants and ensures they can still commit or must abort P2 sends 'status' request to all processors = TC waiting for responses, P2 requires 3 'Yes' from others to commit TC receives 3/5 'Yes' in the two-phase commit protocol = Aborts to all processors
Match the following terms with their outcomes in distributed systems:
Serializability and recoverability = Ensuring that an operation is completed at all participants or at none Partial causality in non-linearizable systems = Use of timestamps to determine the relation of certain/some transactions Total ordering and causal consistency = Use of locks and a transaction coordinator to determine the relation of all transactions in any point in time Two-phase commit protocol = Checking the status of committed descendants and ensuring they can still commit or must abort
Match the following concepts with their implications in distributed systems:
Causality in distributed systems = Allows the determination of the relation of certain/some transactions using timestamps Serializability and recoverability = Ensures that an operation is completed at all participants or at none Two-phase commit protocol = Checks the status of committed descendants and ensures they can still commit or must abort Eventual consistency = Ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
Match the following terms with their functions in distributed systems:
Timestamps = Used to determine the relation of certain/some transactions Transaction Coordinator (TC) = Coordinates the two-phase commit protocol and handles possible failures in a distributed system Locks = Used to ensure a system is totally ordered and causally consistent Atomic commit protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
Match the following consistency and consensus concepts with their descriptions:
Linearizability = Ensures all replicas of a database show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Serializability = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Atomic Commit Protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness Causal Consistency = Not the only way to ensure causality and is weaker than linearizability
Match the following atomic commit protocols with their characteristics:
One-phase commit (1PC) protocol = Involves a single authoritative entity and four entities to ensure a transaction's success or failure Two-phase commit (2PC) protocol = Involves a prepare phase where participants respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where commit messages are sent if all agree Correctness and liveness = Ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction Strict serializability = Crucial for ensuring consistency in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce
Match the following distributed system concepts with their descriptions:
Ordering and causality = Preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensures that transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Linearizable system = Returns the most recent value of a write and can be achieved with a strict lock or coordinator Serialized system = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Consistency and consensus = Important for maintaining correctness and liveness in distributed systems
Match the following consistency and consensus concepts with their importance in distributed systems:
Linearizability = Ensures all replicas of a database show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Serializability = Crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Atomic Commit Protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness Causal Consistency = Important for preserving causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensuring transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
Match the following distributed system concepts with their roles and characteristics:
One-phase commit (1PC) protocol = Involves a single authoritative entity and four entities to ensure a transaction's success or failure Two-phase commit (2PC) protocol = Involves a prepare phase where participants respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where commit messages are sent if all agree Linearizable system = Returns the most recent value of a write and can be achieved with a strict lock or coordinator Serialized system = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce
Match the following distributed system concepts with their significance in maintaining consistency and liveness:
Ordering and causality = Preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensures that transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Linearizable system = Ensures all replicas of a database show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Serialized system = Crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Consistency and consensus = Important for maintaining correctness and liveness in distributed systems
Match the following atomic commit protocols with their importance for ensuring consistency and liveness:
One-phase commit (1PC) protocol = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness Two-phase commit (2PC) protocol = Ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction Correctness and liveness = Involves a prepare phase where participants respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where commit messages are sent if all agree Strict serializability = Important for ensuring consistency in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce
Match the following distributed system concepts with their impact on replicated databases:
Linearizable system = Returns the most recent value of a write and can be achieved with a strict lock or coordinator Serialized system = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Causal Consistency = Important for preserving causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensuring transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Atomic Commit Protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness
Match the following distributed system concepts with their impact on distributed transactions:
Ordering and causality = Ensures that transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Linearizable system = Returns the most recent value of a write and can be achieved with a strict lock or coordinator Serialized system = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Consistency and consensus = Important for maintaining correctness and liveness in distributed systems
Match the following consistency and consensus concepts with their impact on distributed databases:
Linearizability = Ensures all replicas of a database show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed Serializability = Concerns the execution order of operations and ensures strict serializability in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce Causal Consistency = Important for preserving causality when a transaction coordinator is not present and ensuring transactions are seen in the same order for consistency Atomic Commit Protocols = Crucial for ensuring the ACID principle in distributed databases and involves correctness and liveness
Match the following atomic commit protocols with their impact on distributed transactions:
One-phase commit (1PC) protocol = Involves a single authoritative entity and four entities to ensure a transaction's success or failure Two-phase commit (2PC) protocol = Involves a prepare phase where participants respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where commit messages are sent if all agree Correctness and liveness = Ensures that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction Strict serializability = Crucial for ensuring consistency in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce
Study Notes
Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols
- Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
- It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
- A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
- Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
- Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
- Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
- The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
- The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
- In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
- Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
- A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
- Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.
Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols
- Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
- It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
- A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
- Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
- Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
- Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
- The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
- The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
- In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
- Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
- A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
- Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.
Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols
- Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
- It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
- A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
- Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
- Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
- Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
- The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
- The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
- In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
- Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
- A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
- Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.
Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols
- Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
- It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
- A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
- Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
- Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
- Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
- The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
- The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
- In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
- Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
- A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
- Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.
Linearizability, Serializability, and Atomic Commit Protocols
- Linearizability ensures that all replicas of a database will show consistent and up-to-date data when no writes are performed
- It allows a distributed system to behave like a centralized system, providing the most up-to-date value for read operations
- A system is linearizable if the last read operation on a single register or object returns the most up-to-date value based on global time
- Linearizability is stronger than causal consistency but not the only way to ensure causality
- Atomic commit protocols are crucial for ensuring the ACID principle (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) in distributed databases
- Desirable properties of an atomic commit include correctness and liveness, ensuring that all nodes agree on the outcome of a transaction
- The one-phase commit (1PC) protocol involves a single authoritative entity (Transaction Coordinator) and four entities (Client, TC, Bank A, Bank B) to ensure a transaction's success or failure
- The two-phase commit (2PC) protocol involves a prepare phase where A and B respond with their willingness to commit, and a commit phase where the TC sends commit messages if both agree
- In a distributed system, it is crucial to ensure that atomic operations are fully completed or aborted, reflecting the new value immediately, and ensuring that all transactions are seen in the same order for consistency
- Without a coordinator and enforcing locks, there are no guarantees that transactions will execute in the correct order, and ordering preserves causality when a transaction coordinator is not present
- A linearizable system returns the most recent value of a write, whereas a serialized system concerns the execution order of operations, and it is possible to achieve linearizability with a strict lock or coordinator
- Linearizability and serializability are crucial for ensuring strict serializability, especially in domains such as finance, booking/reservation, and e-commerce, but may have drawbacks regarding performance and availability.
Test your understanding of linearizability, serializability, and atomic commit protocols with this quiz. Explore the concepts of ensuring consistency and up-to-date data in distributed systems, the role of atomic commit protocols in maintaining ACID principles, and the differences between one-phase and two-phase commit protocols. Dive into the crucial aspects of ensuring correctness, liveness, and maintaining causality in distributed databases.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
