139 Questions
What are the language-specific formats mentioned in the text for encoding in Distributed Systems?
JSON, XML, Binary, ASN.1
What is mentioned as an example of unreliable communication systems in the text?
Faults, Unreliable Networks and Clocks
What is highlighted as a characteristic of individual computers with 'good' software in the text?
Deterministic behavior
What is mentioned as a potential issue in Distributed Systems due to buggy software and hardware issues?
Logic errors, syntax, flaky performance, security defects
What is highlighted as a characteristic of Distributed Systems that is not always predictable?
Non-deterministic behavior
What is mentioned as a consequence of internal faults in individual computers in the text?
System 'crashes' instead of returning wrong results
What is highlighted as a characteristic of Distributed Systems in contrast to individual computers with 'good' software?
Non-deterministic behavior
What is mentioned as a potential issue in Distributed Systems due to memory or hard-drive corruption and loose connections?
Memory or hard-drive corruption, loose connection
What is highlighted as a characteristic of individual computers with 'good' software in contrast to Distributed Systems?
Deterministic behavior
What is mentioned as a potential issue in Distributed Systems due to failure of individual nodes?
Failure of individual nodes, system 'crashes'
What is the formula for calculating accuracy in terms of round-trip time (RTT)?
$(Current RTT/2) - minimal RTT$
What is the estimated current time if the transfer time is known to be 8 ms and the minimum RTT is 20 ms?
10:54:28.342 + 0.02/2 = 10 ms
What are the assumptions made regarding clock increases in the message passing system?
Clocks are increased only when sending a new message
In the message passing system, when is a packet considered delivered?
When only the sender’s logical clock is increased
What is the relationship between Tclient and Tserver in the given formula Tclient = Tserver + (T1 – T0)/2?
Tclient is equal to Tserver plus half the difference between T1 and T0
What is the accuracy if the round-trip time (RTT) is 20 ms and the minimal RTT is 8 ms?
+/- 2 ms
What could cause a similar issue to the one mentioned in the text about distributed systems?
Token-ring network
What is the impact of an increased clock from (2,1,0) to (2,2,0) in the message passing system?
Message m1 is sent
What is the impact of an increased clock from (2,2,0) to (2,2,2) in the message passing system?
Message m2 is sent
In a distributed system, what is the role of a coordinator in a token-ring network?
It ensures orderly access to the token
Which type of computing involves dedicated services running on specialized machines built to run specific applications on dedicated topologies, typically deployed in a single location?
Supercomputing
What are examples of Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) used to model the transition of states in complex Distributed Systems?
Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, and Markov Chain
What are the advantages of Petri Nets in representing Distributed Systems?
Easy design and graphical illustration
Which algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and synchronize time?
Cristian’s algorithm
What does the Mutual Exclusion Problem in distributed systems involve?
Ensuring safety, liveness, and ordering
What is the focus of cloud computing in terms of design and applications?
Different types of services, generic hardware, and relatively low processing applications
What are the different approaches to clocks in distributed systems?
Physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks
What is the main difference between cloud computing and supercomputing networks?
Reliability and deployment
What is the purpose of high-performance computing in terms of design and applications?
Specific, high-processing capacity services, using specialized hardware and typically deployed in a single location
What does synchronization with a time server involve in distributed systems?
Using a time server with very accurate time
Faulty software and hardware issues in distributed systems can lead to deterministic behavior.
False
Unreliable networks and clocks are not a concern in distributed systems.
False
Linearizability guarantees eventual consistency in distributed systems.
True
IPFS is not a language-specific format used in encoding in distributed systems.
True
Individual computers with good software are always either fully functional or entirely broken.
False
Memory or hard-drive corruption and loose connections are not potential issues in distributed systems.
False
JSON and XML are not mentioned as language-specific formats for encoding in distributed systems.
False
Distributed systems are always predictable due to their design and architecture.
False
Non-deterministic behavior is not a concern in distributed systems.
False
In case of internal faults, distributed systems always return wrong results instead of crashing.
False
Message m1 is sent, increase clock $p2$ from $(2,1,0)$ to $(2,2,0)$, and the message is sent within the same process (same as in $p1$ from $a$ to $b$).
True
In the formula $T_{client} = T_{server} + (T1 - T0)/2$, if $T_{server}$ is $10:54:28.342$ and $(T1 - T0)$ is $0.020$, then $T_{client}$ is $10:54:28.352$.
True
The accuracy of the estimated current time is $+/- 10$ ms if the round-trip time (RTT) is $20$ ms and the minimal RTT is $0$ ms.
False
The setting remains the same, but the accuracy improves to $+/- 2$ ms if the transfer time is known to be $8$ ms (i.e., RTT is $0.008$ s).
True
The token-ring could cause a similar issue in distributed systems if a node is busy or crashed, but it has no coordinator.
True
The accuracy of the estimated current time is $+/- 2$ ms if the transfer time is known to be $8$ ms and the minimal RTT is $20$ ms.
False
In the message passing system, a packet is considered delivered when only the sender's logical clock is increased.
False
Synchronization with a time server in distributed systems involves estimating transmission delay and synchronizing time using the Network Time Protocol (NTP).
True
In a distributed system, the role of a coordinator in a token-ring network is to handle the token passing and ensure fair access to the network.
False
The formula $T_{client} = T_{server} + (T1 - T0)/2$ highlights the relationship between the client and server times when estimating the current time.
True
Cloud computing networks are more reliable than the servers, software, and network of supercomputing setups.
False
Petri Nets have guidelines for correct representation to avoid growing very fast.
False
Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and synchronize time.
True
Physical clocks in distributed systems have the same implementation advantages as logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks.
False
The Mutual Exclusion Problem in distributed systems involves ensuring safety, liveness, and ordering.
True
Cloud computing is designed for specific, high-processing capacity services using specialized hardware.
False
Synchronization with a time server involves using a time server with very accurate time.
True
Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) model the transition of states in complex Distributed Systems using synchronous discrete events.
False
Petri Nets are not a simple and graphical way to represent Distributed Systems.
False
High-performance computing is designed for relatively low processing applications.
False
What are the language-specific formats mentioned in the text for encoding in Distributed Systems?
The language-specific formats mentioned in the text for encoding in Distributed Systems are JSON, XML, Binary, and ASN.1.
What is mentioned as a potential issue in Distributed Systems due to buggy software and hardware issues?
Buggy software and hardware issues in Distributed Systems can lead to non-deterministic behavior, logic errors, syntax issues, flaky performance, security defects, and memory or hard-drive corruption.
What is highlighted as a characteristic of Distributed Systems that is not always predictable?
Distributed Systems are not always predictable due to potential issues such as buggy software, hardware issues, and non-deterministic behavior.
What are the assumptions made regarding clock increases in the message passing system?
In the message passing system, the assumptions made regarding clock increases include the non-deterministic behavior of individual nodes, potential failures, and the impact of buggy software and hardware issues.
What is mentioned as an example of unreliable communication systems in the text?
Unreliable communication systems in the text include unreliable networks and clocks, potential faults, and the impact of non-deterministic behavior in Distributed Systems.
What is the purpose of high-performance computing in terms of design and applications?
High-performance computing is designed for relatively high processing capacity applications using specialized hardware and dedicated services, typically deployed in a single location.
What is mentioned as a consequence of internal faults in individual computers in the text?
The text mentions that individual computers with 'good' software are usually either fully functional or entirely broken, but Distributed Systems are not always predictable due to potential non-deterministic behavior and the impact of buggy software and hardware issues.
What is mentioned as a potential issue in Distributed Systems due to memory or hard-drive corruption and loose connections?
Memory or hard-drive corruption, as well as loose connections, are mentioned as potential issues in Distributed Systems that can lead to non-deterministic behavior, security defects, and the impact of logic errors and syntax issues.
What does synchronization with a time server involve in distributed systems?
Synchronization with a time server in distributed systems involves estimating transmission delay, synchronizing time using the Network Time Protocol (NTP), and ensuring accurate time across the distributed environment.
What are the different approaches to clocks in distributed systems?
The different approaches to clocks in distributed systems include physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks, and the use of time servers for synchronization and accurate time estimation.
What are the different types of services offered by cloud computing?
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS)
What are some examples of Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) used to model complex Distributed Systems?
Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, Markov Chain
What is the main difference between cloud computing and supercomputing networks?
Cloud computing uses virtual machines on commodity hardware in geographically distributed data centers, while supercomputing involves dedicated services on specialized machines in a single location
What is the purpose of synchronization with a time server in distributed systems?
To estimate transmission delay and synchronize time
What are the advantages of Petri Nets in representing Distributed Systems?
Easy design and graphical illustration
What is the Mutual Exclusion Problem in distributed systems and how can it be solved?
It involves ensuring safety, liveness, and ordering, and can be solved using application-level protocols and alternative approaches like centralized, distributed, and token-ring approaches
What are the different approaches to clocks in distributed systems?
Physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks
What are some examples of potential issues in Distributed Systems?
Unreliable networks, clocks, and buggy software and hardware issues
What is the focus of cloud computing in terms of design and applications?
Design for different types of services, generic hardware, and relatively low processing applications
What is the role of Cristian’s algorithm in the Network Time Protocol (NTP)?
To estimate transmission delay and synchronize time
What is the purpose of increasing the clock from (2,1,0) to (2,2,0) in the message passing system?
The purpose is to timestamp the message and reflect the ordering of events.
What is the accuracy of the estimated current time if the round-trip time (RTT) is 20 ms and the minimal RTT is 8 ms?
The accuracy is +/- 10 ms (half of the RTT of 20 ms).
What is the main difference between cloud computing and supercomputing networks?
Cloud computing is designed for specific, high-processing capacity services using specialized hardware, while supercomputing setups are not designed for specialized services.
What are the different approaches to clocks in distributed systems?
The different approaches include physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport clocks, and vector clocks.
What is the relationship between $T_{client}$ and $T_{server}$ in the given formula $T_{client} = T_{server} + (T1 - T0)/2$?
$T_{client}$ represents the estimated current time of the client, and $T_{server}$ represents the time of the server.
What is the focus of cloud computing in terms of design and applications?
The focus is on specific, high-processing capacity services using specialized hardware.
What is mentioned as a potential issue in Distributed Systems due to buggy software and hardware issues?
Potential issues include node busy or crashed, memory or hard-drive corruption, loose connections, and buggy software and hardware issues.
What is highlighted as a characteristic of Distributed Systems that is not always predictable?
The characteristic highlighted is that distributed systems are not always predictable due to their design and architecture.
What is the impact of an increased clock from (2,2,0) to (2,2,2) in the message passing system?
The impact is to reflect the occurrence of an event and establish a causal relationship between events.
What is mentioned as a consequence of internal faults in individual computers in the text?
The consequence is that individual computers with 'good' software are not always either fully functional or entirely broken.
Individual computer with “good” software is usually either fully functional or entirely broken, but not something in-between – Deterministic behavior – In case of internal ______, system “crashes” instead of returning wrong results However… Distributed Systems are not always predictable – Buggy software and hardware issues Logic errors, syntax, flaky performance, security defects Memory or hard-drive corruption, loose connection – Non-deterministic behavior Failure of individual nodes (i.e.
faults
Distributed Systems Exercise 02 Dr. Bruno Rodrigues, Prof. Dr. Burkhard Stiller Department of Informatics IfI, Communication Systems Group CSG, University of Zurich UZH [rodrigues|stiller]@ifi.uzh.ch © 2023 UZH, CSG@IfI 1 Outline Summary Lecture 04 Review E02 Release E03 © 2023 UZH, CSG@IfI 2 Content DS Tour D‘Horizon on Distributed Systems and ______ in Distributed Systems – Language-specific Formats – JSON, XML, Binary, ASN.1 – IPFS Unreliable Communication Systems – Faults – Unreliable Networks and Clocks – Knowledge, Truth, Lies Consistency and Consensus in Distributed Systems – Guarantees – Linearizability – Ordering © 2023 UZH, CSG@IfI 3 Summary DS Part 2 Unreliable Communication Systems © 2023 UZH, CSG@IfI 4 Faults and Partial Failures Individual computer with “good” software is usually either fully functional or entirely broken, but not something in-between – Deterministic behavior – In case of internal faults, system “crashes” instead of returning wrong results However… Distributed Systems are not always predictable – Buggy software and hardware issues Logic errors, syntax, flaky performance, security defects Memory or hard-drive corruption, loose connection – Non-deterministic behavior Failure of individual nodes (i.e.
Encoding
Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to ______ transmission delay and synchronize time.
estimate
The token-ring could cause a similar issue in distributed systems if a node is ______ or crashed, but it has no coordinator.
busy
What is mentioned as a potential issue in Distributed Systems due to buggy software and hardware issues?
unpredictable behavior
Cloud computing networks are more reliable than the servers, software, and network of supercomputing setups.
not mentioned
What does synchronization with a time server involve in distributed systems?
transmission delay
What is mentioned as a consequence of internal faults in individual computers in the text?
crashes
What does synchronization with a time server involve in distributed systems?
synchronizing time
Petri Nets have guidelines for correct representation to avoid growing very fast.
advantages
The client estimates its current time to be: 10:54:28.342 + 0.02/2 = ______
10:54:28.352
The accuracy is +/- 10 ms (half of the RTT of 20 ms). If the transfer time is known to be 8 ms (i.e., RTT is 0.008 s), the setting remains the same but the accuracy improves to +/- ______ ms.
2
The client selects the minimum RTT: 20 ms = 0.02 s. = 20ms/2 – 0 ms. Then, the client estimates its current time to be: 10:54:28.342 + 0.02/2 = ______ ms
10
What is the accuracy if the round-trip time (RTT) is 20 ms and the minimal RTT is 8 ms? Accuracy = (Current RTT/2) – minimal RTT = ______ ms
2
Accuracy = (Current RTT/2) – minimal RTT = 20ms/2 – 8 ms = 10 – 8 = ______ ms
2
Accuracy = (Current RTT/2) – minimal RTT 1. The client selects the minimum RTT: 20 ms = 0.02 s. = 20ms/2 – 0 ms 2. Then, the client estimates its current time to be: 10:54:28.342 + 0.02/2 = 10 ms 3. The accuracy is +/- 10 ms (half of the RTT of 20 ms). 4. If the transfer time is known to be 8 ms (i.e., RTT is 0.008 s), the setting remains the same but the accuracy improves to +/- ______ ms.
2
The accuracy of the estimated current time is $+/- ______$ ms if the transfer time is known to be $8$ ms and the minimal RTT is $______0$ ms.
2
What is the estimated current time if the transfer time is known to be 8 ms and the minimum RTT is 20 ms? The estimated current time is ______ ms.
10
What is the accuracy of the estimated current time if the round-trip time (RTT) is 20 ms and the minimal RTT is 8 ms? The accuracy is ______ ms.
2
The setting remains the same, but the accuracy improves to $+/- ______$ ms if the transfer time is known to be $8$ ms (i.e., RTT is $0.008$ s).
2
Cloud computing networks are relatively less reliable compared to the more reliable servers, software, and network of ______ setups
supercomputing
Distributed Systems rely on asynchronous discrete events, with examples including Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, and Markov Chain
Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS)
______ are a simple and graphical way to represent Distributed Systems, offering advantages like easy design and graphical illustration, but they can grow very fast and have no guidelines for correct representation
Petri Nets
Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and ______ time
synchronize
Different approaches to clocks include physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and ______, each with its own pros and cons in terms of implementation, synchronization, and causality
vector clocks
Mutual Exclusion Problem in distributed systems involves ensuring safety, liveness, and ______, and can be solved using application-level protocols and alternative approaches like centralized, distributed, and token-ring approaches
ordering
Review of cloud computing highlights its design for different types of services, generic hardware, and relatively low processing applications, while ______ is designed for specific, high-processing capacity services, using specialized hardware and typically deployed in a single location
high-performance computing
Synchronization with a time server involves using a time server with very accurate time, and Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and synchronize time
accuracy
Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) model the transition of states in complex Distributed Systems, relying on ______ discrete events, with examples including Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, and Markov Chain
asynchronous
Supercomputing, on the other hand, involves dedicated services running on specialized machines built to run specific applications on dedicated topologies, typically deployed in a single location
dedicated machines
Match the following event with its impact on the message passing system:
Increasing clock from (2,1,0) to (2,2,0) = Message is sent within the same process (same as in p1 from «a» to «b») Increasing clock from (2,2,0) to (2,2,2) = Message is sent within the same process (same as in p1 from «a» to «b»)
Match the following formulas with their corresponding meaning in the context of time estimation:
$T_{client} = T_{server} + (T1 - T0)/2$ = The client estimates its current time Accuracy = (Current RTT/2) – minimal RTT = The accuracy improves with known transfer time
Match the potential issue in Distributed Systems with its cause:
Buggy software and hardware issues = Potential issues due to memory or hard-drive corruption and loose connections
Match the following network types with their characteristic feature:
Distributed systems = Unreliable networks and clocks are not a concern Cloud computing networks = Designed for specific, high-processing capacity services using specialized hardware
Match the following event with its impact on the token-ring network in distributed systems:
Node busy or crashed = No impact on the token-ring network
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Supercomputing = Involves dedicated services running on specialized machines built to run specific applications on dedicated topologies, typically deployed in a single location. Cloud computing = Offers a variety of services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) running on virtual machines, using commodity hardware and geographically distributed data centers. Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) = Model the transition of states in complex Distributed Systems, relying on asynchronous discrete events, with examples including Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, and Markov Chain. Petri Nets = A simple and graphical way to represent Distributed Systems, offering advantages like easy design and graphical illustration, but they can grow very fast and have no guidelines for correct representation.
Match the following aspects of time synchronization in distributed systems with their descriptions:
Synchronization with a time server = Involves using a time server with very accurate time, and Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and synchronize time. Different approaches to clocks = Include physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks, each with its own pros and cons in terms of implementation, synchronization, and causality. Mutual Exclusion Problem = Involves ensuring safety, liveness, and ordering, and can be solved using application-level protocols and alternative approaches like centralized, distributed, and token-ring approaches. Accuracy of the estimated current time = Depends on the round-trip time (RTT) and minimal RTT, with improvements in accuracy achieved by accurate estimation of transmission delay.
Match the following characteristics of cloud computing and supercomputing with their descriptions:
Cloud computing = Design for different types of services, generic hardware, and relatively low processing applications. Supercomputing = Designed for specific, high-processing capacity services, using specialized hardware and typically deployed in a single location. Reliability of networks = Cloud computing networks are relatively less reliable compared to the more reliable servers, software, and network of supercomputing setups. Network design = Cloud computing offers a variety of services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) running on virtual machines, using commodity hardware and geographically distributed data centers, while supercomputing involves dedicated services running on specialized machines built to run specific applications on dedicated topologies, typically deployed in a single location.
Match the following issues and consequences in distributed systems with their descriptions:
Potential issues = Include unreliable communication systems, synchronization challenges, and the need for asynchronous event modeling. Consequence of internal faults = Can lead to safety, liveness, and ordering issues, as well as the need for mutual exclusion solutions. Role of a coordinator = Involves handling the token passing and ensuring fair access to the network in a token-ring network. Unpredictability = Highlighted as a characteristic of Distributed Systems, in contrast to the predictability of individual computers with 'good' software.
Match the following language-specific formats with their usage in encoding in Distributed Systems:
JSON = Data interchange format XML = Document markup language Binary = Efficient data storage and transmission ASN.1 = Protocol for data interchange and encoding rules
Match the following concepts with their description in the context of Unreliable Communication Systems:
Faults = Individual computer with 'good' software is usually either fully functional or entirely broken, but not something in-between Unreliable Networks and Clocks = Non-deterministic behavior due to hardware and software issues, memory or hard-drive corruption, and loose connections Knowledge, Truth, Lies = Deals with buggy software, hardware issues, logic errors, syntax, flaky performance, and security defects Consistency and Consensus = Guarantees, linearizability, and ordering in Distributed Systems
Match the following terms with their explanation in the context of Unreliable Communication Systems:
Individual computer with 'good' software = Usually either fully functional or entirely broken, but not something in-between Non-deterministic behavior = Buggy software and hardware issues, logic errors, syntax, flaky performance, and security defects Buggy software and hardware issues = Deals with memory or hard-drive corruption, loose connections, and non-deterministic behavior Failure of individual nodes = Potential issues in Distributed Systems due to memory or hard-drive corruption and loose connections
Match the following terms with their role in Distributed Systems:
Linearizability = Guarantees ordering and consistency in Distributed Systems IPFS = Protocol for efficient data storage and transmission in Distributed Systems Ordering = Arranging data in a specific sequence in Distributed Systems Guarantees = Assurance of specific system behavior in Distributed Systems
Match the following terms with their impact on Distributed Systems:
Faults and Partial Failures = Distributed Systems are not always predictable due to buggy software, hardware issues, logic errors, and non-deterministic behavior Buggy software and hardware issues = Non-deterministic behavior and potential issues in Distributed Systems due to memory or hard-drive corruption and loose connections Memory or hard-drive corruption, loose connections = Consequences of internal faults in individual computers in Distributed Systems Failure of individual nodes = Potential issues in Distributed Systems due to memory or hard-drive corruption and loose connections
Match the following terms with their role in Distributed Systems:
Deterministic behavior = Individual computer with 'good' software is usually either fully functional or entirely broken, but not something in-between Consistency and Consensus = Guarantees, linearizability, and ordering in Distributed Systems Linearizability = Arranging data in a specific sequence in Distributed Systems Guarantees = Assurance of specific system behavior in Distributed Systems
Match the following terms with their impact on Distributed Systems:
Unreliable Networks and Clocks = Non-deterministic behavior due to hardware and software issues, memory or hard-drive corruption, and loose connections Logic errors, syntax, flaky performance, security defects = Buggy software and hardware issues impacting Distributed Systems Buggy software and hardware issues = Potential issues in Distributed Systems due to memory or hard-drive corruption and loose connections Failure of individual nodes = Consequences of internal faults in individual computers in Distributed Systems
Match the following terms with their role in Distributed Systems:
Tour D‘Horizon = Overview of Distributed Systems and encoding in Distributed Systems IPFS = Protocol for efficient data storage and transmission in Distributed Systems Linearizability = Guarantees ordering and consistency in Distributed Systems Consistency and Consensus = Arranging data in a specific sequence in Distributed Systems
Match the following terms with their explanation in the context of Distributed Systems:
Faults and Partial Failures = Distributed Systems are not always predictable due to buggy software, hardware issues, logic errors, and non-deterministic behavior Memory or hard-drive corruption, loose connections = Consequences of internal faults in individual computers in Distributed Systems Unreliable Communication Systems = Deals with non-deterministic behavior due to hardware and software issues, and potential issues in Distributed Systems Non-deterministic behavior = Buggy software and hardware issues impacting Distributed Systems
Match the following terms with their role in Distributed Systems:
JSON = Data interchange format XML = Document markup language Binary = Efficient data storage and transmission in Distributed Systems ASN.1 = Protocol for data interchange and encoding rules in Distributed Systems
Study Notes
Distributed Systems and Cloud vs. Supercomputing
- Cloud computing offers a variety of services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) running on virtual machines, using commodity hardware and geographically distributed data centers.
- Supercomputing, on the other hand, involves dedicated services running on specialized machines built to run specific applications on dedicated topologies, typically deployed in a single location.
- Cloud computing networks are relatively less reliable compared to the more reliable servers, software, and network of supercomputing setups.
- Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) model the transition of states in complex Distributed Systems, relying on asynchronous discrete events, with examples including Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, and Markov Chain.
- Petri Nets are a simple and graphical way to represent Distributed Systems, offering advantages like easy design and graphical illustration, but they can grow very fast and have no guidelines for correct representation.
- Synchronization with a time server involves using a time server with very accurate time, and Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and synchronize time.
- Different approaches to clocks include physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks, each with its own pros and cons in terms of implementation, synchronization, and causality.
- Mutual Exclusion Problem in distributed systems involves ensuring safety, liveness, and ordering, and can be solved using application-level protocols and alternative approaches like centralized, distributed, and token-ring approaches.
- Review of cloud computing highlights its design for different types of services, generic hardware, and relatively low processing applications, while high-performance computing is designed for specific, high-processing capacity services, using specialized hardware and typically deployed in a single location.
Distributed Systems and Cloud vs. Supercomputing
- Cloud computing offers a variety of services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) running on virtual machines, using commodity hardware and geographically distributed data centers.
- Supercomputing, on the other hand, involves dedicated services running on specialized machines built to run specific applications on dedicated topologies, typically deployed in a single location.
- Cloud computing networks are relatively less reliable compared to the more reliable servers, software, and network of supercomputing setups.
- Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) model the transition of states in complex Distributed Systems, relying on asynchronous discrete events, with examples including Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, and Markov Chain.
- Petri Nets are a simple and graphical way to represent Distributed Systems, offering advantages like easy design and graphical illustration, but they can grow very fast and have no guidelines for correct representation.
- Synchronization with a time server involves using a time server with very accurate time, and Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and synchronize time.
- Different approaches to clocks include physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks, each with its own pros and cons in terms of implementation, synchronization, and causality.
- Mutual Exclusion Problem in distributed systems involves ensuring safety, liveness, and ordering, and can be solved using application-level protocols and alternative approaches like centralized, distributed, and token-ring approaches.
- Review of cloud computing highlights its design for different types of services, generic hardware, and relatively low processing applications, while high-performance computing is designed for specific, high-processing capacity services, using specialized hardware and typically deployed in a single location.
Distributed Systems and Cloud vs. Supercomputing
- Cloud computing offers a variety of services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) running on virtual machines, using commodity hardware and geographically distributed data centers.
- Supercomputing, on the other hand, involves dedicated services running on specialized machines built to run specific applications on dedicated topologies, typically deployed in a single location.
- Cloud computing networks are relatively less reliable compared to the more reliable servers, software, and network of supercomputing setups.
- Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) model the transition of states in complex Distributed Systems, relying on asynchronous discrete events, with examples including Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, and Markov Chain.
- Petri Nets are a simple and graphical way to represent Distributed Systems, offering advantages like easy design and graphical illustration, but they can grow very fast and have no guidelines for correct representation.
- Synchronization with a time server involves using a time server with very accurate time, and Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and synchronize time.
- Different approaches to clocks include physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks, each with its own pros and cons in terms of implementation, synchronization, and causality.
- Mutual Exclusion Problem in distributed systems involves ensuring safety, liveness, and ordering, and can be solved using application-level protocols and alternative approaches like centralized, distributed, and token-ring approaches.
- Review of cloud computing highlights its design for different types of services, generic hardware, and relatively low processing applications, while high-performance computing is designed for specific, high-processing capacity services, using specialized hardware and typically deployed in a single location.
Distributed Systems and Cloud vs. Supercomputing
- Cloud computing offers a variety of services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) running on virtual machines, using commodity hardware and geographically distributed data centers.
- Supercomputing, on the other hand, involves dedicated services running on specialized machines built to run specific applications on dedicated topologies, typically deployed in a single location.
- Cloud computing networks are relatively less reliable compared to the more reliable servers, software, and network of supercomputing setups.
- Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) model the transition of states in complex Distributed Systems, relying on asynchronous discrete events, with examples including Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, and Markov Chain.
- Petri Nets are a simple and graphical way to represent Distributed Systems, offering advantages like easy design and graphical illustration, but they can grow very fast and have no guidelines for correct representation.
- Synchronization with a time server involves using a time server with very accurate time, and Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and synchronize time.
- Different approaches to clocks include physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks, each with its own pros and cons in terms of implementation, synchronization, and causality.
- Mutual Exclusion Problem in distributed systems involves ensuring safety, liveness, and ordering, and can be solved using application-level protocols and alternative approaches like centralized, distributed, and token-ring approaches.
- Review of cloud computing highlights its design for different types of services, generic hardware, and relatively low processing applications, while high-performance computing is designed for specific, high-processing capacity services, using specialized hardware and typically deployed in a single location.
Distributed Systems and Cloud vs. Supercomputing
- Cloud computing offers a variety of services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) running on virtual machines, using commodity hardware and geographically distributed data centers.
- Supercomputing, on the other hand, involves dedicated services running on specialized machines built to run specific applications on dedicated topologies, typically deployed in a single location.
- Cloud computing networks are relatively less reliable compared to the more reliable servers, software, and network of supercomputing setups.
- Discrete-event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) model the transition of states in complex Distributed Systems, relying on asynchronous discrete events, with examples including Petri Nets, Stochastic Petri Nets, and Markov Chain.
- Petri Nets are a simple and graphical way to represent Distributed Systems, offering advantages like easy design and graphical illustration, but they can grow very fast and have no guidelines for correct representation.
- Synchronization with a time server involves using a time server with very accurate time, and Cristian’s algorithm is used in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to estimate transmission delay and synchronize time.
- Different approaches to clocks include physical clocks, logical clocks such as Lamport and vector clocks, each with its own pros and cons in terms of implementation, synchronization, and causality.
- Mutual Exclusion Problem in distributed systems involves ensuring safety, liveness, and ordering, and can be solved using application-level protocols and alternative approaches like centralized, distributed, and token-ring approaches.
- Review of cloud computing highlights its design for different types of services, generic hardware, and relatively low processing applications, while high-performance computing is designed for specific, high-processing capacity services, using specialized hardware and typically deployed in a single location.
Test your knowledge of distributed systems and different computing paradigms with this quiz. Explore topics such as cloud computing, supercomputing, discrete-event dynamic systems, synchronization, clocks, and mutual exclusion problems in distributed systems.
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