Distributed System Programming Overview

<p>Physical layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Session protocol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The routing of packets in a network of computers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It defines how applications interact with the transport layer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data link layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Messages are discarded if not delivered immediately. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At request submission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client must wait for replies before proceeding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failures should be resolved immediately. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As soon as the server receives the request. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clients block until they receive a reply after sending a request. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Messages remain stored until delivery is ensured. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transient synchronous communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client waits for acceptance before returning from the call. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uuidgen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interface definition file, Client code, Client stub, Server code (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate client and server binaries from source files. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prepares the client-side code for communication with the server. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perform a non-blocking poll at the server. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To define the interface between client and server. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Client and server stubs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Register endpoint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asynchronous persistent communication using queues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LISTEN (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directory server (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To send data over an established connection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Message-queuing system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRANSFORM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Client-server interactive communication without a persistent state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps in efficient data dissemination among nodes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The node responsible for the multicast identifier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stops forwarding join requests to other nodes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They combine multiple data streams into one and separate them at the receiver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P sends a join request to the root of the multicast tree. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce jitter and manage packet arrival times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing the effects of packet loss when multiple samples are combined (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 20–30 microseconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A loss of packets during transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaps appear in the stream depending on the frequency of packet loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By storing packets until they can be delivered in a more controlled manner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of sound in a stereo channel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delivery discrepancies likely indicate packet loss or delays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A networking model where communication is handled in different layers, each with specific responsibilities.

The layer that provides communication facilities in distributed systems.

Describes how packets are routed in a network.

Specifies and implements bit transmission between sender and receiver in a network.

Handles the transmission of bits into frames for error and flow control.

Focus on message-passing only, often leading to unneeded or unwanted functionality which violates access transparency.

The topmost layer in a layered protocol, handling application-specific protocols.

Mechanism for a program to execute a procedure on another computer.

Communication where messages are discarded if not delivered immediately, typically not stored.

Communication where messages are stored until delivered, even if there's a delay.

Communication where the sender and receiver are directly connected and wait for each other's response.

A model where a client requests services and a server provides them.

Specific points in communication where the client and server align their actions.

Clients cannot perform other tasks while waiting for a reply. Failures require immediate handling.

Typically using transient, synchronous communication; the client makes a request and waits for a response from the server.

The process of establishing a connection between a client and a server in a distributed system, primarily used for remote procedure calls (RPC).

A centralized server that stores information about available services and their locations in a distributed system, enabling clients to find specific servers.

The process by which a server informs the directory server about its availability and the services it provides, allowing clients to discover and access these services.

A communication model where data is exchanged as messages, allowing for flexible and asynchronous interaction between systems.

A communication style where messages are not stored permanently and are processed immediately upon arrival, suitable for real-time interactions.

A middleware system that provides persistent storage for messages, allowing senders and receivers to interact asynchronously and handle failures gracefully.

A software component that facilitates message exchange between various systems in a distributed environment, acting as an intermediary and enabling communication between different platforms.

A standard set of functions and operations for managing communication through sockets, providing a mechanism for building network applications.

Ensuring that different parts of a stream (e.g., audio and video) arrive at the receiver in the correct order and at the right time.

Combining multiple data streams into a single stream for transmission.

Separating a single data stream back into its original individual streams.

Disseminating data to multiple recipients in a distributed system using an overlay network.

A message sent by a new node to join a multicast group, informing the root node of its desire to participate.

A technique used to smooth out delays in network traffic, ensuring a consistent playback experience. Data packets are temporarily stored in a buffer, allowing them to be released at a steady rate, even if they arrive irregularly.

Occurs when multiple packets in a sequence are lost during transmission, resulting in gaps in the received data stream.

Occurs when packets are lost sporadically, leading to gaps in the data stream but with some data still delivered.

The challenge of coordinating different substreams of a complex data stream to ensure they play back seamlessly.

The synchronization delay for video and audio streams needs to be precise, typically within 20-30 microseconds for a seamless experience.

To minimize the impact of packet loss on the quality of a data stream.

It is important to ensure that different substreams in a complex data stream stay synchronized to avoid issues like audio and video being out of sync.

A type of RPC where the client waits for the server to accept the request, but then proceeds with other tasks while the server processes the request. The client is later interrupted when the server has finished processing.

In deferred synchronous RPCs, the client can check with the server at regular intervals (poll) to see if the requested results are available. This avoids waiting passively for an interrupt.

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) in practice is implemented by using various components including Uuidgen (for unique identifiers), Interface Definition Language (IDL), and specialized stubs for client and server sides. This allows for communication and execution of procedures across computers.

A tool that converts Interface Definition Language (IDL) files into code that can be used by both client and server stubs in RPC.

A piece of code that runs on the client side and handles the communication with the server in RPC. It converts the client's procedure calls into network messages and sends them to the server.

A piece of code that runs on the server side and handles the communication with the client in RPC. It receives the client's request, executes the requested procedure, and transmits the results back to the client.

A library that provides functions and tools that are essential for the operation of RPC, including networking, data serialization, and error handling.

The final executables for both the client and the server that are created after compiling and linking the code. These binaries enable the execution of RPC operations.