Distributed System Management Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the primary responsibilities of the kernel level in an operating system?

The kernel level is responsible for creating, managing, scheduling, synchronizing, and deleting objects, while dynamically assigning resources needed for each task.

Describe the role of the capability manager at each site in the system.

The capability manager maintains the capability list for its objects and determines if a requesting process has the rights for access.

Explain how user requests are processed in a Linux operating system.

User requests move from the application to the shell, then to the kernel, and finally to the hardware control level.

What happens to an object when its task is completed in the kernel?

Once the task is completed, the object returns control to the kernel, which then selects the next object to be executed. Signup and view all the answers

How does the directory related to capability management assist local requests?

The directory lists the location of all capabilities in the system and guides local requests to the appropriate sites. Signup and view all the answers

What does the kernel have ultimate responsibility for in the context of networking?

The kernel has ultimate responsibility for maintaining the network's capability lists. Signup and view all the answers

Illustrate the relationship between the kernel, shell, and hardware in a Linux system.

The kernel acts as an intermediary between the shell and the hardware, processing user requests by coordinating their execution. Signup and view all the answers

What ensures that a process requesting access to memory has the appropriate rights?

The capability manager checks whether the requesting process has previously been granted rights for the memory region. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of concurrency control in a database system?

The main purpose of concurrency control is to ensure that multiple transactions can occur simultaneously without causing inconsistencies in the database. Signup and view all the answers

How does the locking mechanism function within concurrency control?

The locking mechanism restricts access to a database record, allowing only one user or application to read or write at a time to prevent data interference. Signup and view all the answers

Explain what is meant by 'serial execution view' in the context of database transactions.

A 'serial execution view' means that the outcome of concurrent transactions is equivalent to executing them one by one in some order, ensuring consistency. Signup and view all the answers

What role does data redundancy play in enhancing file access speed?

Data redundancy allows files to be stored in multiple locations, which can significantly speed up access and reading times. Signup and view all the answers

Why is deadlock resolution important in database management systems?

Deadlock resolution is important to prevent transactions from being stuck indefinitely, ensuring that system resources are used efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of location transparency in a distributed directory?

Location transparency means that users can access data without needing to know its physical location, simplifying data management across distributed systems. Signup and view all the answers

How can query processing be affected by concurrency control mechanisms?

Concurrency control mechanisms can optimize query processing by allowing simultaneous execution of multiple queries while ensuring data consistency. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenarios would concurrency control be particularly critical?

Concurrency control is critical in scenarios like online reservations or banking transactions where multiple users may access and modify data simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the DO/S File Manager in distributed file management?

The primary role of the DO/S File Manager is to provide transparent mechanisms for file operations across the network. Signup and view all the answers

How does the File Manager locate files in a distributed network?

The File Manager locates files using a master directory that contains information about all files stored on the system. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a read operation if the file is currently being created or modified?

If the file is being created or modified, the read operation will not be immediately fulfilled. Signup and view all the answers

Why is exclusive access required for writing to a file in a distributed file system?

Exclusive access is required to prevent conflicts and ensure data consistency when multiple processes attempt to write to a file. Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic functions provided by the File Manager in file management?

The basic functions provided by the File Manager include finding, opening, reading, writing, closing, creating, and deleting files. Signup and view all the answers

How does the File Manager establish access to files during read and write operations?

The File Manager establishes access by setting up a channel to the file using simple file access schemes. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'transparency' in distributed file management?

Transparency in distributed file management refers to the user’s perception of the network as a single logical file system. Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'master directory' in the context of a DO/S File Manager?

A master directory is a comprehensive index that contains information about all files stored within the distributed file system. Signup and view all the answers

How does the File Manager facilitate efficient reading of files?

The File Manager allows processes to read files from the closest or easiest access point, and can split large read requests into multiple requests targeting different file locations. Signup and view all the answers

What is data redundancy, and how can it be beneficial for disaster recovery?

Data redundancy involves maintaining multiple copies of the same file, which is beneficial for disaster recovery since operations can restart at another site if one fails. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge associated with maintaining data redundancy?

The primary challenge is ensuring that all copies of the file are kept up-to-date simultaneously, which requires stringent adherence to reliability standards. Signup and view all the answers

Explain location transparency in the context of cloud computing.

Location transparency means users do not need to know the physical location of their files, allowing for easier access and management through cloud computing. Signup and view all the answers

What are some common update algorithms mentioned in the text?

Common update algorithms include unanimous agreement, primary site copy, moving primary site, and majority site agreement. Signup and view all the answers

How does splitting read requests enhance system performance?

By splitting read requests, the system can search multiple locations simultaneously, reducing wait times for information retrieval. Signup and view all the answers

What risks may arise when keeping multiple copies of the same file?

The main risk is the potential for inconsistencies if updates are not accurately reflected across all file copies. Signup and view all the answers

How can a failed site be reinstated after recovery?

A failed site can be reinstated by copying all updated files from the operational sites since the failure occurred. Signup and view all the answers

What role do directories play in achieving location transparency in a distributed system?

Directories map logical data items to their physical locations, enabling users to access data without needing to know its actual storage site. Signup and view all the answers

Why is deadlock detection important in distributed systems?

Deadlock detection is crucial because it identifies and resolves situations where processes are stuck in a circular wait for resources, preventing system deadlock. Signup and view all the answers

How does the distributed directory help in data recovery for users?

The distributed directory manages the transparency of data location and contains vital information for accessing stored data, facilitating data recovery. Signup and view all the answers

What is a circular wait in the context of deadlocks?

A circular wait occurs when two or more processes are each waiting for resources held by the other, resulting in a standstill. Signup and view all the answers

What information does the directory contain regarding system resources?

The directory contains definitions of the physical and logical data structures, names of system resources, and mechanisms for locating and accessing them. Signup and view all the answers

How do directed graphs represent resource allocation in distributed systems?

Directed graphs illustrate resource allocation by showing processes as nodes and resources as edges, indicating which processes hold which resources and what they are requesting. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when one process controls a resource while requesting another in a potential deadlock situation?

The process can block its own progress by holding onto a resource it controls while waiting for another resource, potentially leading to a deadlock. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanisms enhance the mapping between physical and logical data structures in a distributed system?

The mechanisms include policies and addressing mechanisms that facilitate the translation of logical data references to their respective physical locations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Kernel Level

The kernel level is responsible for managing objects in a dynamic manner.
When an object is created, it is allocated resources and given control until it completes its task.
The kernel then selects the next object to be executed.
The kernel maintains the network's capability lists; each site has a capability manager to manage the capability list of the site's objects, and a directory to list the location of all capabilities.

File Management

Distributed file management creates a single logical file system for users, regardless of the underlying physical locations.
The File Manager allows users to find, open, read, write, close, create, and delete files from anywhere on the network.
File management functions involve a variety of controls and mechanisms to guarantee consistent, synchronized, and reliable management of system and user data.
These controls include concurrency control, data redundancy, location transparency, deadlock resolution or recovery, and query processing.

Concurrency Control

Concurrency control techniques allow concurrent reads and writes without compromising data integrity.
This ensures that the results of all concurrent transactions are equivalent to a sequential execution in some order.
Locking mechanisms are used to prevent simultaneous access to resources, ensuring serial execution view on a database.

Data Redundancy

Data redundancy, similar to RAID configurations, improves read performance by allowing reads from the closest or most accessible copy of a file.
It also enables splitting large read requests across multiple file locations.
Redundancy provides disaster recovery benefits by allowing operations to restart on other sites if one fails.
Keeping multiple copies of files up-to-date is crucial for ensuring data consistency.

Location Transparency and Distributed Directory

Location transparency allows users to access files without knowing their physical locations.
Mechanisms and directories map logical data items to their physical locations.
The distributed directory manages data location transparency and contributes to data recovery.

Deadlock Resolution or Recovery

Deadlock detection and recovery are crucial for distributed systems.
Deadlocks occur when a process holds a resource (Resource A) while waiting for another (Resource B) that is held by another process that is waiting for Resource A.
Circular wait occurs when each process in a cycle holds a resource that the next process in the cycle requests.

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Description

This quiz covers crucial aspects of kernel level management and distributed file management within network systems. You will explore how the kernel allocates resources dynamically and how distributed file systems provide users with a unified experience. Test your understanding of resource management and file operations in network settings.