Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs)

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Questions and Answers

In a Chord network, after notifying the successor and predecessor pointers during a node join, what critical step follows to ensure network integrity?

  • Triggering the update of finger tables for other peers. (correct)
  • Removing all nodes with IDs close to the joining node.
  • Reassigning all keys to the new node.
  • Updating all nodes' routing tables simultaneously.

In a Chord network, if Peer 3 has an ID of 32 and a new peer joins with an ID that affects Peer 3's finger table, what is the most immediate concern?

  • Peer 3 will become overloaded with requests.
  • Peer 3's predecessor list will fail to update immediately.
  • Peer 3's successor list will become outdated.
  • Peer 3 might not have accurate information for routing queries. (correct)

Consider a Chord network where Peer 2 is joining. If Peer 3 sends a message to Peer 2 to warn of a potential finger table update, what does this indicate about Peer 3's position relative to Peer 2?

  • Peer 3 is the direct predecessor of Peer 2.
  • Peer 3 is responsible for reassigning keys to Peer 2.
  • Peer 3 believes Peer 2 might be in its finger table range and is initiating an update. (correct)
  • Peer 3 is signaling Peer 2 to take over its responsibilities.

In a Chord network, the update(target=32, new-peer=2) message implies:

<p>A peer is informing others that Peer 2 is the new successor for ID 32. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In analyzing a Chord ring, why is it important to ensure that the finger tables of other peers are updated when a new peer joins the network?

<p>To maintain efficient routing and prevent query failures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When updating finger tables in a Chord network after a peer joins, what is the significance of the mod 64 operation (assuming a keyspace of 64)?

<p>Ensures the successor ID wraps around the ring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Peer 7 needs to determine which peers might fall within its authority field for i=4 (meaning PeerID + $2^4$), what range of IDs is Peer 7 effectively checking for?

<p>IDs that are greater than Peer 7's ID and less than or equal to Peer 7's ID + 16. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the Chord protocol emphasize notifying successor and predecessor pointers during a node join?

<p>To maintain the integrity of the ring structure and ensure correct query routing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a new peer integrates into a Chord network, what is the primary purpose of propagating updates to finger tables?

<p>Facilitates correct and efficient data lookup paths. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a DHT is analogous to a hash table, what aspect of the DHT corresponds to the 'key' in the hash table analogy?

<p>A unique identifier for a piece of data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of DHTs, what does the term 'value' typically represent in a key-value pair?

<p>The actual data or address of where the data is stored. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do DHTs facilitate the creation of complex services such as P2P networks?

<p>By providing a structured overlay for distributed data lookup. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it inaccurate to narrowly associate DHTs exclusively with P2P (peer-to-peer) networks?

<p>DHTs can be applied to a wider range of distributed systems beyond just P2P. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a Key-Value store play in a DHT system?

<p>It stores data in a tuple format and allows efficient retrieval based on the key. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a DHT-based system for Twitter. Which of the following best exemplifies the 'key' in the key-value abstraction?

<p>A unique user ID. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an Amazon-like e-commerce platform using a DHT, what would likely be stored as the 'value' associated with an item number (the 'key')?

<p>Comprehensive product details, including descriptions, prices, and availability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of DHTs, how does the concept of a 'dictionary data-structure' apply to key-value stores?

<p>It means that key-value stores function like a dictionary, allowing data retrieval by specifying a unique key. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the distributed nature of key-value stores important when dealing with large volumes of data?

<p>It allows the data to be scaled across multiple servers, overcoming the limitations of a single server. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a system where there is too much data to maintain on a single server, what is the 'Key Idea' in addressing this challenge?

<p>Partition the set of key-values across many machines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering the challenges of distributed systems, such as DHTs, what does 'Fault Tolerance' primarily address?

<p>Handling machine failures without data loss or performance degradation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of DHT scalability, what is the key benefit of allowing easy addition of new machines to the network?

<p>It allows the system to handle increased data and traffic loads without significant disruption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of distributed systems does 'Consistency' primarily address?

<p>Maintaining data correctness even when node failures and message losses occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a directory-based architecture with recursive queries, what is the primary function of the 'master' or 'directory' node?

<p>To maintain the mapping between keys and the nodes that store the associated values and relay requests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a distributed system utilizing a directory-based architecture, what is a drawback of having a centralized 'master' node?

<p>The master node can become a single point of failure or a bottleneck. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering a Chord network with peer IDs from 0 to 63, which is the correct formula to calculate a peer's $i^{th}$ finger?

<p>$(PeerID + 2^i) \mod 64 $ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Chord network, if Peer A's ID is 10, and it is determining its finger table entry for $i = 2$, which of the following IDs would Peer A need to consider to identify the successor?

<p>14 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Peer X with ID 35 is joining a Chord network, and Peer Y with ID 40 discovers that Peer X should be its new predecessor, what immediate actions should Peer Y take?

<p>Peer Y updates its predecessor pointer to Peer X and notifies its successor about the change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of 'finger tables' in a Chord DHT?

<p>To enable efficient routing of queries by providing shortcuts to other nodes in the network. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Steps to trigger an update in Chord

First, notify successor and predecessor pointers, and then move resource mapping.

Final step to trigger an update in Chord

After initial steps, trigger finger tables update for other peers in the network.

What is a Distributed Hash Table (DHT)?

It represents a class of a decentralized distributed system that provides a lookup service like a hash table.

What are Keys in a DHT?

Unique identifiers that map to values.

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What are Values in a DHT?

Values can be anything from addresses to documents or other data.

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Examples of Key-Value abstractions

Use cases include user profiles, item information, and flight availabilities.

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Key-value stores

It's a distributed dictionary data-structure.

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How to handle too much data?

Partition key-values across many machines.

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Fault Tolerance

Handle machine failures without data loss or degraded performance.

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Scalability

Scale to thousands of machines and easily add new ones.

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Consistency

Maintain data consistency despite node failures and message losses.

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Directory-based architecture

A node maintains the mapping between keys and the machines that store the values.

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Study Notes

  • Chord networks facilitate a peer joining by triggering updates.
  • Steps include notifying successor/predecessor pointers and securely moving resource mapping.
  • Finger tables are updated for other peers.
  • Updating finger tables for other peers is an iterative process
  • Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) are a class of decentralized distributed systems.
  • DHTs provide a lookup service similar to a hash table, storing (key, value) pairs.
  • Keys uniquely identify values, which can be addresses, documents, or arbitrary data.
  • DHTs can form infrastructure for complex services, including P2P networks.
  • Key-value stores are used as an approach, where the value is stored in databases as a 2-value tuple.
  • One value in the tuple is the identifier (key) and the other is the actual data.
  • Key-value abstraction is also used in other applications:
  • On Twitter the user ID will lead to the user profile
  • At Amazon item number will show information about a product
  • Kayak will use flight numbers to show information about the flight
  • Banks will use account numbers to show information about the account
  • Too much data must be maintained in single servers
  • Key idea involves partitioning the set of key-values across several machines.
  • Challenges include:
  • Machine failures must be handled, so no data will be lost, without degrading server performance.
  • Servers must scale to thousands of machines
  • The system needs to allow easy addition of new machines
  • The system needs to be resistant to node failures as well as message losses
  • Directory-based architecture implements recursive queries.
  • A node maintains mapping between keys and machines/nodes that store values linked to those keys.
  • It has a master unit to relay its requests

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