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Questions and Answers
In a Chord network, after notifying the successor and predecessor pointers during a node join, what critical step follows to ensure network integrity?
In a Chord network, after notifying the successor and predecessor pointers during a node join, what critical step follows to ensure network integrity?
- Triggering the update of finger tables for other peers. (correct)
- Removing all nodes with IDs close to the joining node.
- Reassigning all keys to the new node.
- Updating all nodes' routing tables simultaneously.
In a Chord network, if Peer 3 has an ID of 32 and a new peer joins with an ID that affects Peer 3's finger table, what is the most immediate concern?
In a Chord network, if Peer 3 has an ID of 32 and a new peer joins with an ID that affects Peer 3's finger table, what is the most immediate concern?
- Peer 3 will become overloaded with requests.
- Peer 3's predecessor list will fail to update immediately.
- Peer 3's successor list will become outdated.
- Peer 3 might not have accurate information for routing queries. (correct)
Consider a Chord network where Peer 2 is joining. If Peer 3 sends a message to Peer 2 to warn of a potential finger table update, what does this indicate about Peer 3's position relative to Peer 2?
Consider a Chord network where Peer 2 is joining. If Peer 3 sends a message to Peer 2 to warn of a potential finger table update, what does this indicate about Peer 3's position relative to Peer 2?
- Peer 3 is the direct predecessor of Peer 2.
- Peer 3 is responsible for reassigning keys to Peer 2.
- Peer 3 believes Peer 2 might be in its finger table range and is initiating an update. (correct)
- Peer 3 is signaling Peer 2 to take over its responsibilities.
In a Chord network, the update(target=32, new-peer=2)
message implies:
In a Chord network, the update(target=32, new-peer=2)
message implies:
In analyzing a Chord ring, why is it important to ensure that the finger tables of other peers are updated when a new peer joins the network?
In analyzing a Chord ring, why is it important to ensure that the finger tables of other peers are updated when a new peer joins the network?
When updating finger tables in a Chord network after a peer joins, what is the significance of the mod 64
operation (assuming a keyspace of 64)?
When updating finger tables in a Chord network after a peer joins, what is the significance of the mod 64
operation (assuming a keyspace of 64)?
If Peer 7 needs to determine which peers might fall within its authority field for i=4
(meaning PeerID + $2^4$), what range of IDs is Peer 7 effectively checking for?
If Peer 7 needs to determine which peers might fall within its authority field for i=4
(meaning PeerID + $2^4$), what range of IDs is Peer 7 effectively checking for?
Why does the Chord protocol emphasize notifying successor and predecessor pointers during a node join?
Why does the Chord protocol emphasize notifying successor and predecessor pointers during a node join?
When a new peer integrates into a Chord network, what is the primary purpose of propagating updates to finger tables?
When a new peer integrates into a Chord network, what is the primary purpose of propagating updates to finger tables?
If a DHT is analogous to a hash table, what aspect of the DHT corresponds to the 'key' in the hash table analogy?
If a DHT is analogous to a hash table, what aspect of the DHT corresponds to the 'key' in the hash table analogy?
In the context of DHTs, what does the term 'value' typically represent in a key-value pair?
In the context of DHTs, what does the term 'value' typically represent in a key-value pair?
How do DHTs facilitate the creation of complex services such as P2P networks?
How do DHTs facilitate the creation of complex services such as P2P networks?
Why is it inaccurate to narrowly associate DHTs exclusively with P2P (peer-to-peer) networks?
Why is it inaccurate to narrowly associate DHTs exclusively with P2P (peer-to-peer) networks?
What role does a Key-Value store play in a DHT system?
What role does a Key-Value store play in a DHT system?
Imagine a DHT-based system for Twitter. Which of the following best exemplifies the 'key' in the key-value abstraction?
Imagine a DHT-based system for Twitter. Which of the following best exemplifies the 'key' in the key-value abstraction?
In an Amazon-like e-commerce platform using a DHT, what would likely be stored as the 'value' associated with an item number (the 'key')?
In an Amazon-like e-commerce platform using a DHT, what would likely be stored as the 'value' associated with an item number (the 'key')?
In the context of DHTs, how does the concept of a 'dictionary data-structure' apply to key-value stores?
In the context of DHTs, how does the concept of a 'dictionary data-structure' apply to key-value stores?
Why is the distributed nature of key-value stores important when dealing with large volumes of data?
Why is the distributed nature of key-value stores important when dealing with large volumes of data?
In a system where there is too much data to maintain on a single server, what is the 'Key Idea' in addressing this challenge?
In a system where there is too much data to maintain on a single server, what is the 'Key Idea' in addressing this challenge?
When considering the challenges of distributed systems, such as DHTs, what does 'Fault Tolerance' primarily address?
When considering the challenges of distributed systems, such as DHTs, what does 'Fault Tolerance' primarily address?
In the context of DHT scalability, what is the key benefit of allowing easy addition of new machines to the network?
In the context of DHT scalability, what is the key benefit of allowing easy addition of new machines to the network?
What aspect of distributed systems does 'Consistency' primarily address?
What aspect of distributed systems does 'Consistency' primarily address?
In a directory-based architecture with recursive queries, what is the primary function of the 'master' or 'directory' node?
In a directory-based architecture with recursive queries, what is the primary function of the 'master' or 'directory' node?
In a distributed system utilizing a directory-based architecture, what is a drawback of having a centralized 'master' node?
In a distributed system utilizing a directory-based architecture, what is a drawback of having a centralized 'master' node?
Considering a Chord network with peer IDs from 0 to 63, which is the correct formula to calculate a peer's $i^{th}$ finger?
Considering a Chord network with peer IDs from 0 to 63, which is the correct formula to calculate a peer's $i^{th}$ finger?
In a Chord network, if Peer A's ID is 10, and it is determining its finger table entry for $i = 2$, which of the following IDs would Peer A need to consider to identify the successor?
In a Chord network, if Peer A's ID is 10, and it is determining its finger table entry for $i = 2$, which of the following IDs would Peer A need to consider to identify the successor?
If Peer X with ID 35 is joining a Chord network, and Peer Y with ID 40 discovers that Peer X should be its new predecessor, what immediate actions should Peer Y take?
If Peer X with ID 35 is joining a Chord network, and Peer Y with ID 40 discovers that Peer X should be its new predecessor, what immediate actions should Peer Y take?
What is the primary purpose of 'finger tables' in a Chord DHT?
What is the primary purpose of 'finger tables' in a Chord DHT?
Flashcards
Steps to trigger an update in Chord
Steps to trigger an update in Chord
First, notify successor and predecessor pointers, and then move resource mapping.
Final step to trigger an update in Chord
Final step to trigger an update in Chord
After initial steps, trigger finger tables update for other peers in the network.
What is a Distributed Hash Table (DHT)?
What is a Distributed Hash Table (DHT)?
It represents a class of a decentralized distributed system that provides a lookup service like a hash table.
What are Keys in a DHT?
What are Keys in a DHT?
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What are Values in a DHT?
What are Values in a DHT?
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Examples of Key-Value abstractions
Examples of Key-Value abstractions
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Key-value stores
Key-value stores
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How to handle too much data?
How to handle too much data?
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Fault Tolerance
Fault Tolerance
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Scalability
Scalability
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Consistency
Consistency
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Directory-based architecture
Directory-based architecture
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Study Notes
- Chord networks facilitate a peer joining by triggering updates.
- Steps include notifying successor/predecessor pointers and securely moving resource mapping.
- Finger tables are updated for other peers.
- Updating finger tables for other peers is an iterative process
- Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) are a class of decentralized distributed systems.
- DHTs provide a lookup service similar to a hash table, storing (key, value) pairs.
- Keys uniquely identify values, which can be addresses, documents, or arbitrary data.
- DHTs can form infrastructure for complex services, including P2P networks.
- Key-value stores are used as an approach, where the value is stored in databases as a 2-value tuple.
- One value in the tuple is the identifier (key) and the other is the actual data.
- Key-value abstraction is also used in other applications:
- On Twitter the user ID will lead to the user profile
- At Amazon item number will show information about a product
- Kayak will use flight numbers to show information about the flight
- Banks will use account numbers to show information about the account
- Too much data must be maintained in single servers
- Key idea involves partitioning the set of key-values across several machines.
- Challenges include:
- Machine failures must be handled, so no data will be lost, without degrading server performance.
- Servers must scale to thousands of machines
- The system needs to allow easy addition of new machines
- The system needs to be resistant to node failures as well as message losses
- Directory-based architecture implements recursive queries.
- A node maintains mapping between keys and machines/nodes that store values linked to those keys.
- It has a master unit to relay its requests
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