Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of information does a General Somatic Efferent (GSE) nerve carry?
What type of information does a General Somatic Efferent (GSE) nerve carry?
What is the primary difference between a nucleus and a ganglion?
What is the primary difference between a nucleus and a ganglion?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalon?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalon?
Which plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections?
Which plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections?
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What type of information does the Special Visceral Efferent (SVE) system carry?
What type of information does the Special Visceral Efferent (SVE) system carry?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following is NOT a secondary brain vesicle?
Which of the following is NOT a secondary brain vesicle?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate sleep cycles?
Which of the following structures is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate sleep cycles?
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What is the primary function of the calcarine sulcus?
What is the primary function of the calcarine sulcus?
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Where is the primary auditory area located?
Where is the primary auditory area located?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid?
Which of the following structures is responsible for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for draining blood from veins within the brain?
Which of the following structures is responsible for draining blood from veins within the brain?
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What is the primary role of the folding of the cerebral cortex?
What is the primary role of the folding of the cerebral cortex?
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Flashcards
Dissection planes
Dissection planes
Frontal, sagittal, and horizontal planes that divide the body.
Frontal plane
Frontal plane
Divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (front) sections.
Sagittal plane
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into left and right sections.
Horizontal plane
Horizontal plane
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Nucleus (CNS)
Nucleus (CNS)
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Ganglion (PNS)
Ganglion (PNS)
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Somatic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
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Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
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Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
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Gyrus
Gyrus
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Sulcus
Sulcus
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Calcarine Sulcus
Calcarine Sulcus
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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Study Notes
Dissection Planes
- Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (front) sections.
- Horizontal (Transverse) Plane: Separates the body into superior (head) and inferior (feet) sections.
- Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right sections. Also known as the longitudinal plane.
Nuclei and Tracts
- Nucleus (Gray Matter): A cluster of cell bodies (and their dendrites) in the CNS where synapses are formed and information is processed.
- Tracts (White Matter): Bundles of myelinated axons connecting nuclei.
- Afferent Tracts: Carry sensory information toward the CNS (sensory neurons).
- Efferent Tracts: Carry motor information away from the CNS (motor neurons).
- Somatic: Relating to the body (soma = body).
- Visceral: Relating to the viscera (organs).
Functional Components of Nerves
- General Somatic Afferent (GSA): Sensory information from muscles and skin to the CNS.
- General Somatic Efferent (GSE): Motor information from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
- General Visceral Afferent (GVA): Sensory information from organs and blood vessels to the CNS.
- General Visceral Efferent (GVE): Motor information from the CNS to smooth muscle and glands (parasympathetic).
- Cranial Nerves: Special senses (vision, hearing, balance, smell, taste).
- Special Somatic Afferent (SSA): Vision, hearing, and balance.
- Special Visceral Afferent (SVA): Smell and taste.
- Special Visceral Efferent (SVE): Branchial arch striated muscles.
Nervous System Divisions
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain (cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem) and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS.
- Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control of body movement (peripheral nerves, spinal nerves, cranial nerves).
- Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary control of organs (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
- Ganglion: Collection of neuron cell bodies (PNS).
- Nucleus (CNS) vs Ganglion (PNS)
Early Brain Development
- Five Secondary Brain Vesicles:
- Telencephalon: Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia.
- Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland.
- Mesencephalon: Midbrain.
- Metencephalon: Pons and cerebellum.
- Myelencephalon: Medulla oblongata.
- Brainstem: Midbrain + pons + medulla.
Main Regions of the Brain
- Cerebral Hemispheres: Two halves divided by the longitudinal fissure.
- Sulcus: Groove in the brain.
- Fissure: Deep groove in the brain.
Cerebral Cortex
- Structure: Six-layered sheet of gray matter, folded to increase surface area.
- Gyrus: Ridge on the brain's surface.
- Sulcus: Groove on the brain's surface.
- Central Sulcus: Separates frontal and parietal lobes.
- Lateral Sulcus: Separates temporal from parietal and frontal lobes.
- Parieto-occipital Sulcus: Separates occipital from parietal lobe.
- Calcarine Sulcus: Located in the occipital lobe, helps locate the primary visual cortex.
- Cortical Areas:
- Precentral Gyrus: Primary motor area.
- Postcentral Gyrus: Primary somatosensory area.
- Primary Auditory Area: Below lateral sulcus.
- Primary Visual Area: Surrounds calcarine sulcus.
Ventricular System
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Saline solution derived from blood plasma, without proteins or cells.
- Ventricles: Filled with CSF, communicating spaces within the brain.
- Lateral Ventricles: In cerebral hemispheres, Communicate via Interventricular foramen of Monro.
- Third Ventricle: In the diencephalon, communicating with lateral ventricles by Interventricular foramen.
- Cerebral Aqueduct: In the midbrain.
- Fourth Ventricle: In the pons and medulla.
- Choroid Plexus: Produces CSF.
- Septum Pellucidum: Separates two lateral ventricles.
Blood Supply
- Dural Venous Sinuses: Drain blood from veins within the brain, located between the dura mater layers.
- Subarachnoid space: Below the arachnoid space, Contains CSF.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of dissection planes and the structural components of the nervous system. Understand the differences between coronal, horizontal, and sagittal planes, as well as the roles of nuclei, tracts, and functional components of nerves. This quiz will test your knowledge on human anatomy and physiology.
