Dissection Planes and Nervous System Basics

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Questions and Answers

What type of information does a General Somatic Efferent (GSE) nerve carry?

  • Motor information from the CNS to smooth muscles and glands
  • Motor information from the CNS to skeletal muscles (correct)
  • Sensory information from organs to the CNS
  • Sensory information from muscles and skin to the CNS

What is the primary difference between a nucleus and a ganglion?

  • Nuclei are collections of axons, while ganglia are collections of cell bodies.
  • Nuclei are found in the CNS, while ganglia are found in the PNS. (correct)
  • Nuclei are responsible for processing sensory information, while ganglia are responsible for processing motor information.
  • Nuclei are found in gray matter, while ganglia are found in white matter.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalon?

  • Pituitary gland
  • Cerebellum (correct)
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus

Which plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections?

<p>Coronal plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does the Special Visceral Efferent (SVE) system carry?

<p>Motor commands to branchial arch muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Control of involuntary processes like heart rate and digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a secondary brain vesicle?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate sleep cycles?

<p>Pineal gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the calcarine sulcus?

<p>Helps identify the primary visual cortex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the primary auditory area located?

<p>Below the lateral sulcus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Choroid plexus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for draining blood from veins within the brain?

<p>Dural venous sinuses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the folding of the cerebral cortex?

<p>To increase the surface area of the cortex, allowing for greater processing power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dissection planes

Frontal, sagittal, and horizontal planes that divide the body.

Frontal plane

Divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (front) sections.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right sections.

Horizontal plane

Separates the body into upper (head) and lower (feet) parts.

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Nucleus (CNS)

Cluster of cell bodies in the CNS where information is processed.

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Ganglion (PNS)

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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Somatic nervous system

Part of the peripheral nervous system controlling voluntary muscles and sensory information.

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Autonomic nervous system

Controls involuntary functions, such as heart and gland activities.

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Cerebral Cortex

A six-layered sheet of grey matter in the brain responsible for higher brain functions.

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Gyrus

A ridge on the cerebral cortex that increases surface area for neural processing.

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Sulcus

A groove in the cerebral cortex that separates gyri and increases surface area.

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Calcarine Sulcus

A sulcus located in the occipital lobe, surrounding the primary visual cortex.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear fluid that cushions the brain and fills the ventricular system, derived from blood plasma.

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Study Notes

Dissection Planes

  • Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (front) sections.
  • Horizontal (Transverse) Plane: Separates the body into superior (head) and inferior (feet) sections.
  • Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right sections. Also known as the longitudinal plane.

Nuclei and Tracts

  • Nucleus (Gray Matter): A cluster of cell bodies (and their dendrites) in the CNS where synapses are formed and information is processed.
  • Tracts (White Matter): Bundles of myelinated axons connecting nuclei.
  • Afferent Tracts: Carry sensory information toward the CNS (sensory neurons).
  • Efferent Tracts: Carry motor information away from the CNS (motor neurons).
  • Somatic: Relating to the body (soma = body).
  • Visceral: Relating to the viscera (organs).

Functional Components of Nerves

  • General Somatic Afferent (GSA): Sensory information from muscles and skin to the CNS.
  • General Somatic Efferent (GSE): Motor information from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
  • General Visceral Afferent (GVA): Sensory information from organs and blood vessels to the CNS.
  • General Visceral Efferent (GVE): Motor information from the CNS to smooth muscle and glands (parasympathetic).
  • Cranial Nerves: Special senses (vision, hearing, balance, smell, taste).
  • Special Somatic Afferent (SSA): Vision, hearing, and balance.
  • Special Visceral Afferent (SVA): Smell and taste.
  • Special Visceral Efferent (SVE): Branchial arch striated muscles.

Nervous System Divisions

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain (cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem) and spinal cord.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS.
    • Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control of body movement (peripheral nerves, spinal nerves, cranial nerves).
    • Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary control of organs (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
      • Ganglion: Collection of neuron cell bodies (PNS).
      • Nucleus (CNS) vs Ganglion (PNS)

Early Brain Development

  • Five Secondary Brain Vesicles:
    • Telencephalon: Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia.
    • Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland.
    • Mesencephalon: Midbrain.
    • Metencephalon: Pons and cerebellum.
    • Myelencephalon: Medulla oblongata.
  • Brainstem: Midbrain + pons + medulla.

Main Regions of the Brain

  • Cerebral Hemispheres: Two halves divided by the longitudinal fissure.
  • Sulcus: Groove in the brain.
  • Fissure: Deep groove in the brain.

Cerebral Cortex

  • Structure: Six-layered sheet of gray matter, folded to increase surface area.
  • Gyrus: Ridge on the brain's surface.
  • Sulcus: Groove on the brain's surface.
    • Central Sulcus: Separates frontal and parietal lobes.
    • Lateral Sulcus: Separates temporal from parietal and frontal lobes.
    • Parieto-occipital Sulcus: Separates occipital from parietal lobe.
    • Calcarine Sulcus: Located in the occipital lobe, helps locate the primary visual cortex.
  • Cortical Areas:
    • Precentral Gyrus: Primary motor area.
    • Postcentral Gyrus: Primary somatosensory area.
    • Primary Auditory Area: Below lateral sulcus.
    • Primary Visual Area: Surrounds calcarine sulcus.

Ventricular System

  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Saline solution derived from blood plasma, without proteins or cells.
  • Ventricles: Filled with CSF, communicating spaces within the brain.
    • Lateral Ventricles: In cerebral hemispheres, Communicate via Interventricular foramen of Monro.
    • Third Ventricle: In the diencephalon, communicating with lateral ventricles by Interventricular foramen.
    • Cerebral Aqueduct: In the midbrain.
    • Fourth Ventricle: In the pons and medulla.
  • Choroid Plexus: Produces CSF.
  • Septum Pellucidum: Separates two lateral ventricles.

Blood Supply

  • Dural Venous Sinuses: Drain blood from veins within the brain, located between the dura mater layers.
  • Subarachnoid space: Below the arachnoid space, Contains CSF.

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