Hearing Disorders Week 2

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus when discussing disorders of the external ear?

  • Structural or physical issues causing conductive hearing loss (correct)
  • Functional problems affecting auditory processing
  • Neurological disorders affecting the auditory pathway
  • Infections that damage the inner ear structures

Which of these components is NOT part of the auditory system mentioned in the lecture?

  • Auditory cortex (correct)
  • External ear
  • Inner ear
  • Middle ear

What day will the midterm exam be held?

  • February 16th
  • February 13th
  • February 14th (correct)
  • February 15th

What time will the lecture begin on the day of the midterm exam?

<p>9:09 AM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the midterm exam?

<p>60 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disorders will be covered in the lecture?

<p>Both congenital and acquired disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where will the midterm exam be held?

<p>A different building on campus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What format will the midterm exam be in?

<p>Paper (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between superficial and deep frostbite?

<p>The depth of tissue damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why people with light skin, red hair, and freckles are more susceptible to sunburn?

<p>They have less melanin in their skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of superficial frostbite?

<p>Tissue death (necrosis) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following body parts is most commonly affected by frostbite?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended first aid treatment for frostbite?

<p>Getting the affected person to a warm environment as quickly as possible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides sunscreen, what can help reduce the risk of getting sunburned during winter?

<p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ultraviolet radiation is primarily responsible for causing sunburn?

<p>UVB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necrosis?

<p>The process of cell death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the small bump often found on the inner aspect of the helical rim of the ear?

<p>Darwin's Tubercle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with prominent ears?

<p>Increased susceptibility to ear infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why bats have unusually shaped ears?

<p>To enhance sound localization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the human face do people typically focus on when communicating?

<p>The eyes, nose, and mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is NOT used to describe ears that protrude outwards?

<p>Concave (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the human ear adapt to background noise?

<p>By reducing the sensitivity to background noise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ears as described in the text?

<p>To detect and process sound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research did Steve Ape conduct?

<p>Research on the effects of prominent ears on hearing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typically associated with melanomas?

<p>Uniformly colored (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a melanoma and a mole?

<p>Growth rate and characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym "ABCD" refer to when characterizing melanoma?

<p>Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter (A), Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "variegated" refer to when describing melanoma?

<p>A variety of colors within the lesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common treatment for melanoma?

<p>Hormone therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of the outer part of the external auditory canal?

<p>It is lined with cartilage and skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the outer and inner sections of the external auditory canal?

<p>Type of tissue lining the canal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when a baby is born with an underdeveloped external ear?

<p>Microtia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of microtia?

<p>Usually accompanied by a normal ear canal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method for correcting a prominent ear in a newborn baby?

<p>Molding with custom molds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a preauricular pit?

<p>A small dimple in the skin in front of the ear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about the location of a preauricular pit?

<p>It is located in the area where the helix of the ear curves forward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between microtia and a cup ear deformity?

<p>Microtia is characterized by an abnormal ear canal, whereas a cup ear deformity has a normal ear canal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is the most likely reason why a baby with microtia would need corrective surgery?

<p>To improve hearing ability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is typically unilateral, meaning it only affects one ear?

<p>Microtia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of otitis externa?

<p>Physical injury to the ear canal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the ear canal a suitable environment for bacteria to grow?

<p>The presence of moisture and warmth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the term "swimmer's ear" considered a misnomer?

<p>It implies that swimming is the sole cause, when other factors can contribute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why parents misinterpret ear infections in children as "swimmer's ear"?

<p>They confuse otitis media and otitis externa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if someone uses cotton swabs aggressively to clean their ears?

<p>It can cause irritation and inflammation in the ear canal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the anatomy of the ear canal contribute to the development of otitis externa?

<p>Its delicate lining is easily damaged by foreign objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely reason why the speaker is not a big fan of the term "swimmer's ear"?

<p>It is a misnomer, as swimming is not the only cause of otitis externa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the speaker's perspective on the relationship between ear infections in children and swimming?

<p>Ear infections in children are often misdiagnosed as &quot;swimmer's ear&quot; due to water exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

External Ear

The outermost part of the ear, important for sound collection.

Conductive Hearing Loss

A type of hearing loss due to problems in the outer or middle ear.

Congenital Disorders

Disorders present at birth, affecting ear structure.

Acquired Disorders

Disorders developed after birth due to various reasons.

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Middle Ear

The part of the ear between the outer ear and the inner ear.

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Auditory Pathway

The neural pathway that processes sound information to the brain.

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Structural Problems

Physical issues in the ear that affect function or hearing.

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Ear Disorders

Conditions affecting the normal function of the ear.

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Darwin's Tubercle

A small bump on the ear that some individuals have, commonly seen on the helical rim.

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Prominent Ears

Ears that protrude outward due to a wide angle from the head.

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Promenotia

Another term for prominent ears, indicating ears that stand out.

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Angle of the Ears

The angle formed between a person's head and their ear, affecting how much ears protrude.

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Background Noise Filtering

The capability of the ear to reduce unwanted sounds in noisy environments.

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Sound Localization

The ability to pinpoint the origin of a sound in the environment.

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Social Bullying

Harsh treatment or teasing that some children may face due to prominent ears.

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Human Ear Adaptation

The ability of the human ear to adjust and cope with different sound environments.

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Frostbite

Injury to skin and underlying tissues due to freezing temperatures.

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Degrees of Frostbite

Frostbite can be superficial (skin only) or deep (affecting tissues).

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Superficial Frostbite

Mild frostbite affecting only the skin's surface, causing redness.

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Deep Frostbite

Severe frostbite that affects deeper tissues and may lead to necrosis.

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Necrosis

Tissue death due to severe frostbite or prolonged exposure.

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Sunburn

Skin damage from excessive sun exposure, especially from UV rays.

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Ultraviolet Rays

Invisible rays from the sun that can cause skin damage (UVA and UVB).

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Risk Factors for Sunburn

Factors like fair skin, red hair, and exposed areas increase sunburn risk.

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Microtia

A condition where the external ear is underdeveloped, often with minimal identifiable structures.

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Auricular Anomalies

Various ear conditions like prominent ear, microtia, and preauricular pit.

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Cupped Ear Deformity

An ear deformity with a normal ear canal but an unusual shape; on a spectrum with microtia.

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Preauricular Pit

A small dimple or pit located before the ear, often a benign condition.

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Ear Cartilage

Soft tissue in the ear that is malleable in newborns, allowing for reshaping with molds.

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Surgical Correction

A procedure needed for older individuals with ear anomalies when molding is too late.

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Microtia and Syndromes

Microtia often occurs with other syndromes, affecting ear and potentially hearing.

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Melanoma

A type of aggressive skin cancer that develops from melanocytes.

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ABCD Rule

A method to identify melanoma based on Asymmetry, Border, Color, and Diameter.

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Asymmetry in Melanoma

Melanomas are often asymmetric, unlike normal moles which are usually symmetrical.

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Irregular Borders

Melanomas have jagged or irregular borders, unlike smooth moles.

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Variegated Color

Melanomas show multiple colors, not just one uniform shade.

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Growing Size

Melanomas continually grow and become larger over time.

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Metastasis

The spread of melanoma to other parts of the body.

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External Auditory Canal

The tube leading from the outer ear to the eardrum, lined by skin and cartilage.

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Otitis Externa

An inflammation of the ear canal, often called swimmer's ear.

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Acute Otitis Externa

A sudden and severe case of ear canal inflammation.

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Chronic Otitis Externa

A long-lasting inflammation of the ear canal.

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Physical Injury in Ear Canal

Damage to the ear canal skin, often from tools like q-tips.

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Bacterial Environment

Conditions in the ear that allow bacteria to thrive.

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Swimmer's Ear Misconception

The belief that swimmer's ear only occurs from swimming.

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Water Stuck in Ear

Water trapped in the ear, leading to discomfort but not necessarily infection.

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Otitis Media

An ear infection primarily affecting the middle ear, often seen in children.

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Study Notes

Understanding External Ear Disorders

  • Good afternoon. The microphone is not charged.
  • Midterm will be on Friday, February 14th, for an hour, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM.
  • Makeup classes are scheduled, with additional Monday classes.
  • The midterm will be in the business building.
  • Some weeks may not have regularly scheduled classes on Mondays. Emails will be sent to remind students.
  • Class materials will likely be paper, and possibly online.
  • Exam questions will be available closer to the exam date.
  • External ear includes external structures and the auditory pathways.

External Ear Structure and Function

  • External ear is composed of the pinna and the ear canal.
  • The pinna (or auricle) is the visible part of the ear.
  • Outer ear covers physical problems causing conductive ear loss.
  • Congenital versus acquired disorders.
  • Congenital means present at birth, not necessarily genetic.
  • Congenital infections, for instance, aren't genetic conditions.
  • Acquired disorders develop later in life.
  • Embryology is essential in understanding the development of the external ear.

Embryological Development of the External Ear

  • External ear develops by the 3rd-4th week of gestation.
  • Embryonic development shows the branchial arches.
  • Branchial arches are structures involved in the development of the head and neck.
  • Structures like the mandible, incus and malleus form from the first arch.
  • The second/ 2nd arch leads to features like stapes.
  • The ear canal in the formed by the first and second branchial arches.
  • The hillocks are tissues that form from the branchial arches.
  • Ear canal structures: helix, antihelix, conch, tragus.
  • Common abnormal ear features:
    • Preauricular tags
    • Preauricular pits
    • Ear canal atresia/stenosis
  • Otitis externa (swimmer's ear): usually bacterial and not caused by water.
  • Trauma (e.g., from q-tips) can lead to problems.
  • Wax (cerumen) is a normal part of the ear.
  • Foreign objects (e.g., beads, etc) getting stuck in the ear is common.

Skin Anatomy and Conditions

  • Skin layers: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous.
  • Skin conditions: Cellulitis, pericondritis, chondritis.
  • Cellulitis is inflammation of the skin
  • Perichondritis and chondritis usually occur together in the ear, affect the cartilage around the ear.
  • Damage from trauma, piercings are the leading causes of these conditions.
  • Infection in the ear canal can lead to necrotizing externa. A serious condition in the ear bone.

Ear Canals and Infections

  • Otomycosis: fungal infections of the ear canal.
  • Microtia: partial or incomplete development of the external ear.
  • Otalgia: ear pain is a common complaint.
  • Discharge and swelling are signs of infection
  • Drainage of foreign bodies
  • Some issues could be associated with syndromes.
  • Medical treatment is often required.

Diagnosing and Treating Ear Issues

  • Doctors must decide on referral of patient to other specialized care givers based on symptoms.
  • Medical imaging, physical exams are helpful to diagnosis.
  • Management requires medical or surgical interventions.

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