Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a principal disadvantage of RAID Level 1?
What is a principal disadvantage of RAID Level 1?
- It is costlier due to data duplication. (correct)
- It requires more data striping than other levels.
- It does not provide redundancy.
- It has a high write penalty.
What is one positive aspect of RAID Level 1 in terms of data recovery?
What is one positive aspect of RAID Level 1 in terms of data recovery?
- Data recovery is complex and time-consuming.
- Data can only be accessed from the failed drive.
- Data must be rebuilt from backups.
- Recovery from a failure is straightforward and quick. (correct)
Which of the following statements about data striping in RAID Level 1 is correct?
Which of the following statements about data striping in RAID Level 1 is correct?
- Data striping in RAID Level 1 leads to a high write penalty.
- RAID Level 1 can operate without data striping. (correct)
- Each logical strip is mapped to multiple disks.
- Data striping is used with a single drive.
How does RAID Level 1 handle read requests?
How does RAID Level 1 handle read requests?
Which of the following aspects does NOT describe RAID Level 1?
Which of the following aspects does NOT describe RAID Level 1?
What defines a fixed-head disk?
What defines a fixed-head disk?
Which statement accurately describes removable disks?
Which statement accurately describes removable disks?
What is a characteristic of non-removable disks?
What is a characteristic of non-removable disks?
Which of the following describes the functionality of a movable-head disk?
Which of the following describes the functionality of a movable-head disk?
What advantage do removable disks provide over fixed disks?
What advantage do removable disks provide over fixed disks?
Which type of disk is characterized by having magnetizable coating on both sides?
Which type of disk is characterized by having magnetizable coating on both sides?
Which disk system allows for data to be accessed with a limited number of disk systems?
Which disk system allows for data to be accessed with a limited number of disk systems?
In what scenario is a non-removable disk typically used?
In what scenario is a non-removable disk typically used?
What material is used for the coating of magnetic tape?
What material is used for the coating of magnetic tape?
Which of the following describes how data is organized on magnetic tape?
Which of the following describes how data is organized on magnetic tape?
What is the significance of inter-record gaps in magnetic tape?
What is the significance of inter-record gaps in magnetic tape?
Which LTO tape generation introduced WORM capability?
Which LTO tape generation introduced WORM capability?
What is the compressed capacity of LTO-5 tape?
What is the compressed capacity of LTO-5 tape?
Which LTO generation has the highest linear density?
Which LTO generation has the highest linear density?
What feature is present in LTO-6 tape that was not available in LTO-1?
What feature is present in LTO-6 tape that was not available in LTO-1?
Which LTO generation has the feature of partitioning?
Which LTO generation has the feature of partitioning?
What does RAID stand for?
What does RAID stand for?
Which RAID level offers no redundancy?
Which RAID level offers no redundancy?
What is the primary method used in RAID to ensure data recoverability?
What is the primary method used in RAID to ensure data recoverability?
Which RAID level requires at least three disks and provides mirroring?
Which RAID level requires at least three disks and provides mirroring?
Which RAID level is known for high data availability due to its use of dual distributed parity?
Which RAID level is known for high data availability due to its use of dual distributed parity?
In terms of I/O data transfer capacity, which RAID level provides the highest capacity?
In terms of I/O data transfer capacity, which RAID level provides the highest capacity?
How does RAID 1 ensure fault tolerance?
How does RAID 1 ensure fault tolerance?
What characteristic of RAID involves distributing data across drives?
What characteristic of RAID involves distributing data across drives?
Which RAID configuration can support very high data transfer rates for both large and small I/O requests?
Which RAID configuration can support very high data transfer rates for both large and small I/O requests?
In RAID 5, how are data and parity distributed?
In RAID 5, how are data and parity distributed?
What distinguishes CD-R from CD-RW?
What distinguishes CD-R from CD-RW?
What is a disadvantage of CD-RW technology?
What is a disadvantage of CD-RW technology?
Which statement accurately describes the crystalline state of CD-RW material?
Which statement accurately describes the crystalline state of CD-RW material?
What process allows a CD-RW to switch between different phase states?
What process allows a CD-RW to switch between different phase states?
For what primary purpose is CD-R typically used?
For what primary purpose is CD-R typically used?
How does the dye layer in a CD-R function to create a permanent record?
How does the dye layer in a CD-R function to create a permanent record?
Which characteristic makes CD-RW different from CD-R in terms of data handling?
Which characteristic makes CD-RW different from CD-R in terms of data handling?
What is the primary advantage of using CD-R over CD-RW?
What is the primary advantage of using CD-R over CD-RW?
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Study Notes
Disk Drive Technology
- Disk drives are secondary storage devices that use rotating platters coated with a magnetizable material
- Disk drive heads are used to read and write data on the platters
- Disk drive heads can be fixed or movable, and disks can be removable or nonremovable
Inductive Write/Magnetoresistive Read Head
- The head uses an inductive write process to write data on the disk
- The head uses a magnetoresistive read process to read data from the disk
Disk Data Layout
- Disk data is organized in concentric circles called tracks
- Tracks are further divided into sectors
- Sectors are the smallest unit of data that can be accessed
- The number of sectors per track on a disk is a key determiner of disk capacity
Comparison of Disk Layout Methods
- Contiguous allocation: Data is allocated to adjacent sectors, which can speed up access time
- Linked allocation: Data is scattered across the disk, with pointers linking the different sectors
- Indexed allocation: Data is organized in a table that maps logical addresses to physical addresses, which can improve performance
Legacy and Advanced Sector Formats
- Legacy sector formats are used in older disk drives and have a fixed sector size
- Advanced sector formats are used in newer disk drives and have a variable sector size
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
- RAID is a technology that uses multiple disk drives to improve performance and reliability
- RAID uses data striping to distribute data across multiple disk drives
- RAID uses parity information to recover data in the event of a disk failure
- There are seven levels of RAID, each with different capabilities.
RAID Level 0 (Striping)
- Data is striped across multiple disks without redundancy
- Provides high read/write speeds but offers no data protection
RAID Level 1 (Mirroring)
- Data is mirrored across two or more disks
- All data is duplicated on multiple disks, providing high data availability
- Provides good performance for read operations, but write operations can be slower
RAID Level 2 (Redundant via Hamming Code)
- Data is striped across disks, and parity information is stored using Hamming codes to detect and correct errors
- Provides high read and write performance and better error correction.
- Not commonly used in modern systems due to the complexity of Hamming codes
RAID level 3 (Bit-Interleaved Parity)
- Data is striped across disks at the bit level
- Parity information is stored on a dedicated disk and striped across disks
RAID Level 4 (Block-Interleaved Parity)
- Data is striped across disks at the block level
- Parity information is stored on single dedicated disk
- Provides good performance for read operations
RAID Level 5 (Block-Interleaved Distributed Parity)
- Data is striped across disks at the block level
- Parity information is distributed evenly across all disks in the array
- Provides better write performance than RAID 4
RAID Level 6 (Dual Distributed Parity)
- Data is striped across disks at the block level
- Two parity blocks are distributed evenly across all disks in the array
- Offers higher data availability than RAID 5
Disk Drive Characteristics
Fixed-Head Disks
- Each track has a dedicated read/write head
- Heads are fixed on a rigid arm that extends over all tracks
- Good for applications requiring high performance, but offers limited storage capacity
Movable-Head Disks
- One read/write head is used for all tracks
- The head is attached to an arm that can be extended or retracted to access different tracks
- More common than fixed-head drives, offering a balance between performance and capacity
Double-Sided Disk
- Both sides of the platter store data
Removable Disk
- Disks can be removed from the drive
- Offers flexibility and allows users to store more data
Non-Removable Disk
- Disks are permanently installed within the drive
- Usually used with high capacity drives.
CD Recordable (CD-R)
- Write once, read many
- Good for storing data that needs to be archived
CD Rewritable (CD-R)
- Can be repeatedly written and overwritten
DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disk – Read Only Memory )
- Offers higher storage capacity than CD-ROM
- Can store movies, games, and other multimedia applications
Magnetic Tape
- Tape systems use magnetic tape to store data
- Data is stored as a sequence of bits along each track
- Blocks of data are separated by gaps called inter-record gaps
LTO (Linear Tape Open)
- An open standard for tape drives
- Offers a high capacity and high data transfer rates
- A variety of LTO generations exist with increasing storage capacity and transfer rates
- Used for data backup and archival.
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