Diseases of Infancy and Childhood Overview

<p>Amniotic bands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single gene disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As disruptions resulting from environmental exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are always genetic in nature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compression of fetus due to uterine constraint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple fetuses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete absence of an organ and its primordium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced size due to failure of growth of the existing primordium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deregulated prostaglandin synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atresia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High socioeconomic status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of HOX expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal fetal presentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asymmetric growth restriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased size of an organ due to increased cell size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Period from 9 weeks until birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxia in the neonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All-trans-retinoic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group B Streptococcus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kernicterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poorly developed alveoli and dysmorphic capillary configuration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Submucosal gas bubbles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phototherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillary hemangioma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenylketonuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can cause fetal anemia if untreated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial entry through the mucosal barrier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Listeria monocytogenes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GALT gene mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary destruction affects previously normal organs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polydactyly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anomaly may represent a cascade of secondary effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental teratogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amniotic band syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may not become clinically apparent until later in life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amniotic band syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As malformations, disruptions, or deformations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal growth restriction due to decreased amniotic fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potter Sequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased fetal oxygen supply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embryonic Period, particularly 4th to 5th week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced organ size due to decreased cell number (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interaction of genetic factors and environmental influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valproic Acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal smoking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrauterine growth restriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal organization of cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrauterine hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic anomalies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrolental Fibroplasia/ROP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal Hydrops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group B Streptococcus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcervical and transplacental (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrops fetalis (A), Jaundice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulative necrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phototherapy (A), Total exchange transfusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrotizing Enterocolitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High reticulocyte count (A), Reduced red blood cell lifespan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic abnormalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar hyperinflation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly vascularized lesions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramural air bubbles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconjugated bilirubin neurotoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Birth defects present at birth, some only apparent later in life.

Congenital anomalies can be from intrinsic (developmental problem) or extrinsic (external factors) process issues.

Primary errors of morphogenesis, an intrinsic developmental process problem.

Secondary destruction of a normal organ or body region during development due to external factors.

A congenital anomaly (malformation) characterized by extra digits.

A congenital anomaly often resulting from a cascade of developmental issues.

Extrinsic factors (like compression) that can cause localized or generalized anomalies.

Premature or insufficient growth of a fetus during pregnancy.

A condition where there's too little amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus.

A constellation of abnormalities in a fetus caused by oligohydramnios during pregnancy. Features include facial deformities, pulmonary hypoplasia, and limb deformities.

Complete absence of an organ or body part from birth.

Absence of an organ due to the failure of its primordial tissue to grow.

Incomplete development of an organ, resulting in a smaller size.

An organ has increased size due to an increase in the number of cells.

Decreased size of an organ due to smaller cells.

Increased size of an organ due to larger cells.

Absence of an opening in a body part that should normally be open.

Abnormal organization of cells in an organ or tissue.

The first 9 weeks of pregnancy, a crucial period for organ formation.

The period from week 9 of pregnancy until birth, when organ growth and maturation continues.

Rupture of the amniotic sac before the 37th week of pregnancy.

Infections that occur within the womb, affecting the fetus during pregnancy.

Slow growth of a fetus during pregnancy, leading to a smaller than expected baby.

A respiratory problem in premature infants caused by underdeveloped lungs, leading to difficulty breathing and often requiring ventilation.

Fine rales (crackling sounds) upon auscultation, a 'ground-glass' appearance on X-rays, and signs of respiratory distress like cyanosis soon after birth.

Prematurity, male gender, maternal diabetes, and cesarean deliveries are all associated with an increased risk for RDS.

Early recovery is vital for babies with RDS. Survival within the first 3-4 days significantly improves their chances of a healthy outcome.

A chronic lung disease that develops in preemies with RDS, making it difficult to breathe independently later in life.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can occur in babies with RDS.

A serious intestinal condition in newborns where the bowel wall dies due to bacteria and inflammation.

NEC most often affects the terminal ileum, cecum, and right colon, but can spread to any part of the small or large intestine.

The affected bowel appears distended, friable, and gangrenous, with or without perforation and peritonitis.

Platelet activating factor (PAF), inflammation, mucosal barrier breakdown, and bacterial entry are all factors believed to play a role in NEC.

Bloody stools, abdominal distention, and circulatory collapse are common signs of NEC.

An abdominal X-ray showing pneumatosis intestinalis (air bubbles in the intestinal wall) is a key diagnostic tool for NEC.

Early-Onset sepsis occurs within the first 7 days of life, most often at or before birth, while Late-Onset sepsis develops between 7 days and 3 months of age.

Group B Streptococcus is the leading cause of Early-Onset neonatal sepsis.

Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans are common causes of Late-Onset neonatal sepsis.

Primary errors in the way organs are formed during development. Think of it as a blueprint error.

Damage to already normally formed organs during development due to external factors. Like a perfectly built house that gets damaged by a storm.

Complete absence of an organ or body part, like it never formed at all.

Absence of an organ due to the failure of its initial structure to grow.

An organ is smaller than normal due to incomplete development.

An organ is larger than normal due to an increase in the number of cells.

An organ is smaller than normal because the cells are smaller.

An organ is larger than normal because the cells are larger.

Absence of an opening in a body part that should normally be open.

Cells are arranged abnormally within an organ or tissue.

The crucial first 9 weeks of pregnancy where most organs are formed.

The time from week 9 of pregnancy until birth, when organs continue to grow and mature.

The amniotic sac breaks before the 37th week of pregnancy.

Infections that occur in the womb, affecting the fetus during pregnancy.

The fetus doesn't grow as expected during pregnancy.

A breathing problem in premature babies caused by underdeveloped lungs, leading to difficulty breathing.

A characteristic X-ray finding in RDS, showing a hazy, white-out pattern in the lungs.

A chronic lung disease that develops in premature babies with RDS, making it difficult to breathe independently later in life.

A serious intestinal condition in newborns where the bowel wall dies due to bacteria and inflammation.

NEC often affects the terminal ileum, cecum, and right colon.

The affected bowel in NEC is distended, friable (easily broken), gangrenous, and may perforate.

An abdominal X-ray showing 'pneumatosis intestinalis' (air bubbles in the intestinal wall) is a key diagnostic tool for NEC.

Sepsis that occurs within the first 7 days of life, often acquired at or before birth.

Sepsis that occurs between 7 days and 3 months of age.

Group B Streptococcus is the most frequent cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis.

Accumulation of edema fluid in the fetus during intrauterine growth.

Fetal hydrops can be caused by blood group incompatibilities (ABO and Rh) leading to anemia and jaundice, or by other factors like cardiovascular defects, chromosomal anomalies and fetal anemia.

An immune reaction when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, leading to antibody production.

Brain damage caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood, a complication of severe jaundice.

A rare AR disorder of phenylalanine metabolism, leading to buildup of phenylalanine in the body.

A rare AR disorder of galactose metabolism, leading to accumulation of galactose-1-PO4 in the body.

Growths that resemble tumors, but may not be truly cancerous. These include hamartomas and choristomas.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, where a seemingly healthy infant dies unexpectedly and without an explanation.

Genetic disorders in which the body can't break down certain substances, causing buildup and health issues.