Discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole

Ozone is a greenhouse gas.

The ozone layer can be divided into three main parts: Tropospheric Ozone, Surface Ozone, and Upper Tropospheric Ozone.

At the peak of the ozone layer, it is the most abundant gas compared to CO2, O2, and N2.

Columnar Ozone Measurement involves the use of Dobson Ozone Spectrophotometer and Brewer spectrophotometers.

Stratospheric ozone is formed through chemical reactions involving ultraviolet sunlight and oxygen molecules.

In the second step of stratospheric ozone production, each oxygen atom combines with a nitrogen molecule to produce an ozone molecule.

Joseph Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin discovered the Antarctic Ozone Hole in 1985.

The Antarctic Ozone Hole was detected in 1986 by NASA.

Chlorine is a natural component that contributes to the formation of the Ozone Hole.

Thomas Midgley, Jr. developed Freon to be used as a hazardous refrigerant.

CFCs have been extensively used since the 1920s.

The concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere has decreased as their use increased.

Approximately 90% of the total column amount of ozone in the atmosphere disappears during the Antarctic ozone hole.

In spring, as temperatures begin to rise, the ozone layer starts to deplete.

The first Ozone Observations were made in 1929 at Kodaikanal.

IMD acquired its first Dobson Spectrophotometer in 1950.

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer began the process in 1995.

Observations at Bharati Antarctica are mentioned multiple times in the text.

The Kigali Amendment aims to phase up the production and consumption of HFCs worldwide.

Countries committed to cut the production and consumption of HFCs by more than 80 percent over the next 20 years.

Developed countries will reduce HFC consumption later than developing countries according to the Kigali Amendment.

R-441A is one of the HFCs mentioned in the text.

The Government of India has set up an Ozone Cell to implement the Montreal Protocol in India.

The continued production of CFCs globally would have led to higher ozone levels.

Ozone is continually being created in the stratosphere by the combination of molecular oxygen and moonlight.

Ozone is destroyed naturally in the stratosphere by ultraviolet radiation.

The rate of ozone formation is greater than the rate of its removal in the stratosphere.

Stratospheric ozone production is limited by the availability of molecular oxygen on the bottom side of the layer.

The two main ingredients for stratospheric ozone production are nitrogen and sunlight.

UV sunlight is rapidly absorbed by ozone itself at the top side of the ozone layer.