Discovery of Cell Structure

He observed that the cork resembled the structure of a honeycomb consisting of many little compartments.

He called them cells.

It is a Latin word for 'a little room'.

It prevents the peel from getting folded or getting dry.

To place a drop of water and transfer a small piece of the peel from the watch-glass to the slide.

Epidermis.

A pair of forceps.

To get a clear view of the onion peel under a microscope.

It was the first time that someone observed that living things appear to consist of separate units.

To observe the structure of the onion peel.

It helps to remove the skin gently and carefully.

It would get folded or dry out.

To observe it under a microscope.

A honeycomb consisting of many little compartments.

It is used to peel off the skin (epidermis) of the onion.

To understand the structure of living organisms.

To prevent the onion peel from getting folded or dry.

To ensure a clear observation under the microscope.

To observe the cellular structure of the onion peel.

To carefully peel off the skin of the onion.

To prepare it for observation under the microscope.

To observe the cellular structure that is not visible to the naked eye.

To understand the biology of living organisms.

To hold the onion peel in place for observation.

It can be inferred that the cork is composed of many small, compartmentalized units.

It prevents the onion peel from getting folded or dry.

It allows for the observation of cells at a magnified level, revealing their structure and organization.

It provides a flat surface for mounting the onion peel, allowing for observation under the microscope.

The Latin word 'cell' means 'a little room', which is analogous to the compartmentalized structure of cells.

It is to obtain a sample of the inner layer of the onion, which can be observed under a microscope.

It marked the first time that someone had observed that living things appear to consist of separate units.

The onion peel is composed of many cells, which are organized in a specific structure.

The honeycomb-like structure of cork, consisting of many little compartments, led Robert Hooke to coin the term 'cell'.

It emphasizes the fundamental concept that living organisms are composed of individual units, which are the building blocks of life.

To prevent the peel from getting folded or dried, and to keep it flat and intact for observation.

The term 'cell' is used to describe the basic structural and functional units of living organisms, which originated from Robert Hooke's observation of the cork's structure in 1665.

To carefully and delicately remove the skin from the onion, ensuring that the underlying structure is not damaged.

To ensure that the onion peel adheres to the slide and lies flat, facilitating observation under the microscope.

The Latin word 'cell' is derived from the concept of a 'little room', which describes the individual compartments or units that compose living organisms.

Observing the onion peel under a microscope reveals the individual cells that make up the tissue, providing insight into the structure and organization of cells.

It made possible to observe and understand the complex structure of the cell and its various organelles.

A single cell constitutes a whole organism.

Cells divide to produce cells of their own kind.

Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell, while multicellular organisms are composed of many cells that assume different functions.

Cells from different parts of a plant body can exhibit differences in terms of shape, size, and structure.

It reveals that living organisms are composed of cells, the basic units of life.

Studying cells helps us understand the structure, function, and behavior of living organisms.

Every multicellular organism has originated from a single cell.

It reveals the diversity of cellular structure and function in different organisms.

Onion bulbs of different sizes have similar small structures, which are the basic building units of the onion bulb, and these structures are cells.

The cells of an onion peel are the basic building units of the onion bulb, and all organisms, including onions, are made up of cells.

Robert Hooke's discovery of cells in 1665 marked the first observation of cells, which laid the foundation for the cell theory.

Cells are the basic units of life, and all living organisms are composed of cells.

Schleiden and Schwann presented the cell theory, which states that all organisms are composed of cells, and Virchow expanded it by suggesting that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

The discovery of the nucleus by Robert Brown in 1831 highlighted the importance of this organelle in the cell.

Both onion peels and cork slices exhibit similar structures, which are the basic building units of these organisms and are composed of cells.

The term 'protoplasm' was coined by Purkinje in 1839 to describe the fluid substance of the cell.

Understanding the structure and function of cells is crucial for understanding the organization and function of living organisms.

The complex structure of the cell and its various organelles.

A single cell constituting a whole organism.

Cells divide to produce cells of their own kind.

The number of cells in an organism, with unicellular organisms having one cell and multicellular organisms having many cells.

The basic building units of the onion bulb are cells, and they are composed of protoplasm and a nucleus.

Differences in shape, size, and structure among cells.

It allows for the growth and development of organisms.

The cell theory states that all plants and animals are composed of cells, and that cells are the basic unit of life.

They have differences in shape, size, and structure.

The nucleus is a crucial part of a cell where genetic information is stored.

Unicellular organisms are composed of a single cell, while multicellular organisms are composed of many cells.

They originated from a single cell.

Differences in shape, size, and structure among cells.

Leeuwenhoek (1674) discovered the free-living cells in pond water for the first time.

A microscope allows us to observe cells and their structures in detail, which helps us understand their function and importance.

Understanding cells is crucial in understanding the structure and function of living organisms, and how they respond to their environment.

Purkinje in 1839 coined the term 'protoplasm' for the fluid substance of the cell.

Robert Hooke observed cells that resembled a honeycomb in a thin slice of cork.

Virchow's contribution was that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, which helped complete the cell theory.

The cells of the onion peel all look the same, regardless of the size of the onion.

Cells

Robert Hooke

The discovery of the nucleus revealed the internal structure of cells.

Protoplasm

Virchow

They have similar structures.

It is made up of cells.

It revealed the existence of single cells that live on their own.

A single cell constitutes a whole organism.

To produce cells of their own kind and assume different functions.

Differences in shape, size, and structure among cells.

It allowed us to observe and understand the complex structure of cells and their organelles.

Cells are the basic units of life.

No, cells in multicellular organisms assume different functions.

Cells from different parts of a plant body may have differences in shape, size, and structure.

Cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division.

To understand the structure, function, and diversity of life.

The shape and size of cells are related to the specific function they perform.

All living cells have the capacity to perform certain basic functions that are characteristic of all living forms.

Different parts of the human body perform different functions.

Cell organelles.

Due to the presence of cell organelles.

They perform special functions necessary for the cell's survival.

A cell.

The same organelles.

They enable division of labour within the cell.

Plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

Plasma membrane or cell membrane

Diffusion

They move out of the cell through diffusion

It is selectively permeable

It separates the cell's contents from the external environment

Diffusion occurs

It is the outermost covering of the cell

Plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

The diversity in shape and size of cells is related to the specific function they perform.

Cell organelles perform special functions, such as making new material, clearing waste, and more, to enable the cell to live and perform its functions.

The concept of division of labor means that different parts of an organism perform different functions, allowing for greater efficiency and specialization.

The living cell is the basic unit of life that performs all the functions characteristic of living forms.

The presence of cell organelles enables a cell to live and perform its functions.

Cells are able to perform certain basic functions because they have specific components, such as cell organelles, that enable them to do so.

The similarity in organelles found in all cells shows that all cells, regardless of their function or organism, share a common underlying structure.

Cells perform their functions in a multicellular organism through a division of labor, where different cells and cell organelles work together to achieve specific functions.

Cell organelles are essential for the survival and function of a cell, as they allow the cell to perform specific functions necessary for its survival.

To allow or permit the entry and exit of some materials in and out of the cell, while preventing the movement of others.

Diffusion.

They move out of the cell through diffusion, as the concentration of the substance is lower in the external environment.

Plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.

Because it allows or permits the entry and exit of some materials in and out of the cell, while preventing the movement of others.

Not specified in the given text, but typically, the nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.

Substances can move out of the cell through diffusion, as the concentration of the substance is lower in the external environment.

The plasma membrane separates the contents of the cell from its external environment and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

A substance will move out of the cell if its concentration is higher inside the cell than in the external environment.

The main function of the plasma membrane is to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing the entry and exit of some materials while preventing the movement of others.

When the concentration of a substance is high inside the cell and low outside, it moves out of the cell through the process of diffusion.

These three features are essential for cell activities and interactions with the environment, enabling the cell to perform its functions.

Diffusion allows for the spontaneous movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, maintaining cellular balance.

The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass through while preventing others from entering or leaving the cell.

The plasma membrane separates the cell from its external environment, controlling the exchange of materials between the two.

The cell's interactions with its environment enable it to respond to changes, adapt to its surroundings, and maintain homeostasis.

The movement of substances affects cellular processes, such as metabolism, growth, and maintenance, by providing necessary materials and removing waste products.

The cell's ability to regulate substance movement is crucial for maintaining homeostasis, responding to changes in the environment, and ensuring proper cellular function.

Cells perform their basic functions through the division of labour, where each cell organelle performs a special function, such as making new material or clearing up waste. This process is crucial for the cell's overall functioning, as it enables the cell to live and perform all its functions.

The shape and size of cells are related to the specific function they perform. Some cells, like Amoeba, have changing shapes to adapt to their environment, while others, like nerve cells, have a fixed and peculiar shape for their specific function.

The concept of division of labour refers to the distribution of tasks among different parts or components to achieve greater efficiency. In multicellular organisms, different parts of the body perform different functions, and in single cells, different cell organelles perform specific functions.

Cell organelles are specific components within a cell that perform special functions, such as making new material, clearing up waste, and so on. They are essential for the cell's functioning and survival.

The cell is considered the structural and functional unit of life because it is the basic unit of life, and all living organisms are composed of cells. This implies that cells are the fundamental units of life, and their structure and function are essential for the existence of life.

Cells achieve their basic functions through the coordinated effort of cell organelles, which work together to perform specific functions. Cell organelles are responsible for making new material, clearing up waste, and so on, enabling the cell to function properly.

The structure and function of cells are closely related, as the cell's structure determines its function, and vice versa. The functioning of cells impacts the overall functioning of the organism, as cells are the basic units of life.

The fact that all cells have the same organelles, regardless of their function or organism, implies that all cells share a common ancestry and are connected through a shared evolutionary history. This highlights the unity and diversity of life at the cellular level.

The components of a cell, such as cell organelles, work together to achieve the cell's overall functioning through a coordinated effort, where each organelle performs a specific function. This process is significant because it enables the cell to survive, grow, and respond to its environment.

The presence of specific cell organelles that perform special functions.

Both involve the separation of tasks into specialized components, with cell organelles performing specific functions in a cell and different organs performing specific functions in a multicellular organism.

It is because these organelles are necessary for the basic functions of life, which are common to all living cells.

The shape and size of cells are related to their specific function, with some cells having changing shapes and others having fixed and peculiar shapes.

The cell organelles work together to perform their specific functions, enabling the cell to perform its basic functions and maintain its overall functioning.

The cell is the basic unit of life because it is the smallest unit of life that can perform all the basic functions characteristic of living forms.

The internal organization of a cell, with its cell organelles, enables the cell to perform its basic functions, such as making new material, clearing up waste, and so on.

The structure of a cell, including its cell organelles, is related to its function, with specific organelles performing specific functions.

The division of labor within a cell enables the cell to perform its basic functions efficiently and effectively, as each organelle performs a specific function.

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to enter or exit the cell while preventing the movement of others.

The movement of substances occurs from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, allowing the cell to maintain homeostasis.

The cell's external environment has a lower concentration of substances like CO2 compared to the cell's internal environment, facilitating the movement of substances out of the cell.

The plasma membrane allows the cell to interact with its environment by regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

The plasma membrane's structure allows it to control the movement of substances across the cell boundary, permitting certain substances to enter or exit the cell while restricting others.

The cell's ability to regulate the movement of substances is essential for maintaining its internal environment, removing waste products, and performing cellular functions.

Diffusion allows the cell to maintain homeostasis by regulating the movement of substances and maintaining a stable internal environment.

The nucleus plays a crucial role in controlling the cell's interactions with its environment by regulating gene expression and cellular responses.

The cell's internal environment influences its ability to interact with its external environment by regulating the movement of substances and maintaining cellular functions.

The shape and size of a cell is related to its specific function.

The cell is the basic unit of life, as it is the smallest unit that can perform all the basic functions of life.

Cells perform their basic functions through the division of labour within the cell, which is made possible by the presence of cell organelles.

Cell organelles perform special functions such as making new material, clearing up waste material, and so on, which enables the cell to live and perform its functions.

The division of labour within a cell is similar to the division of labour in multicellular organisms, where different parts of the organism perform different functions.

This discovery highlights the unity and diversity of life, and suggests that all living organisms share a common ancestry.

The structures and functions of cell organelles enable the cell to perform its basic functions by allowing it to make new material, clear up waste material, and so on.

The cell being the basic unit of life means that all living organisms are composed of cells, and that cells are the fundamental units of life.

The presence of cell organelles enables the cell to maintain homeostasis and regulate its internal environment by performing functions such as making new material and clearing up waste material.

.Allow or permit the entry and exit of some materials in and out of the cell

Higher inside the cell, lower outside

Diffusion

Plasma membrane or cell membrane

Diffusion

Plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

Through a process called diffusion

It allows or prevents the entry and exit of certain materials

Substances move out of the cell

The cell shrinks because water passes out of the cell into the salt solution.

The egg swells because water passes into it by osmosis.

They lose water and shrink.

Because they are in a hypotonic solution, where the concentration of solutes is lower than within the cell.

It is important in the exchange of gases and water in the life of a cell.

The shell, which is mostly calcium carbonate, is dissolved.

A special case of diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.

It is important in the exchange of gases and water in the life of a cell.

They gain water and swell.

The cell will gain water by osmosis and swell up.

An isotonic solution is a solution that has exactly the same water concentration as the cell. When the cell is placed in it, there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane, and the cell stays the same size.

A hypertonic solution is a solution that has a lower concentration of water than the cell. When the cell is placed in it, the cell will lose water by osmosis.

Osmosis.

The concentration of water in the solution compared to the cell.

The cell will swell up due to the influx of water.

To maintain the balance of water and solute concentrations within the cell.

Osmosis.

The cell will gain water by osmosis and swell up.

An isotonic solution.

The cell will lose water by osmosis.

The net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward a higher solute concentration.

The cell will gain water and swell up.

The cell will lose water.

There will be no net movement of water.

The concentration of water in the surrounding solution compared to the cell.

The cell will shrink.

A selectively permeable membrane.

The egg swells because water passes into it by osmosis.

Water passes out of the egg solution into the salt solution because the salt solution is more concentrated.

They gain water and swell.

They lose water and shrink.

Unicellular freshwater organisms and most plant cells.

It is important for the exchange of gases and water in the life of a cell.

Because water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

The cell will gain water by osmosis and swell up.

Isotonic solution

The cell will lose water by osmosis.

The concentration of solutes in the solution

The cell will lose water by osmosis.

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing water to move across the cell membrane in both directions.

Osmosis helps maintain the proper balance of water and solutes within the cell.

There is no net movement of water across the cell membrane.

The cell shrinks as water passes out of the cell into the surrounding solution.

To demonstrate the concept of osmosis and its effect on cells.

Because they are in a hypotonic environment, where the concentration of solutes is lower than that of the cell.

It is important for the exchange of gases and water between the cell and its environment.

The cell remains the same size, as there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell.

Because water passes out of the raisins or apricots into the surrounding solution through osmosis.

Osmosis helps in the absorption of water by plant roots.

The egg swells as water passes into the egg through osmosis.

It allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others, regulating the exchange of substances between the cell and its environment.

A hypotonic solution, which causes the cell to gain water by osmosis and swell up.

It allows water to move across the membrane in both directions, but regulates the movement of solutes, enabling the cell to maintain proper osmotic balance.

If the surrounding solution has a higher water concentration, water moves into the cell; if it has a lower concentration, water moves out of the cell.

The cell remains the same size, indicating that the concentration of water inside the cell is equal to that of the surrounding solution.

The cell loses water by osmosis, and the solution is described as a hypertonic solution.

Osmosis helps maintain proper osmotic balance, enabling the cell to perform its functions and maintain its structure and shape.

It enables the cell to maintain proper osmotic balance, regulate its shape and size, and perform its functions.

The concentration of solutes affects the movement of water across the cell membrane, and this process is described as osmosis.

Water passes out of the cell by osmosis and the cell shrinks.

It allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others.

It helps to regulate the concentration of water and ions within the cell, which is essential for cellular processes such as metabolism and respiration.

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, while osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.

There would be no net movement of water into or out of the cell, and the cell would remain the same size.

It can cause cells to swell or shrink depending on the concentration of water in the external environment.

It demonstrates the movement of water into and out of a cell through a selectively permeable membrane, illustrating the concept of osmosis.

It determines the direction of water movement, with water moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion that involves the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

A hypotonic solution, where the surrounding medium has a higher water concentration than the cell.

The concentration of solutes in the surrounding solution compared to the cell.

The cell will swell in a hypotonic solution, remain the same size in an isotonic solution, or shrink in a hypertonic solution.

Osmosis.

It allows for the regulated movement of water across the cell membrane.

Water flows from high to low water concentration.

An isotonic solution.

The cell will lose water and shrink.

Water leaves the cell, and the cell shrinks. This phenomenon is significant in the life of a cell as it affects the cell's size and shape, and is crucial for unicellular freshwater organisms and plant cells.

The egg swells because water passes into it by osmosis. This observation is significant in understanding the concept of osmosis as it demonstrates the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

The concentration of solutes in the surrounding solution determines the direction of water movement across the cell membrane. If the surrounding solution is hypotonic, water moves into the cell, and if it is hypertonic, water moves out of the cell. This phenomenon is significant in the life of a cell as it affects the cell's size and shape, and is crucial for unicellular freshwater organisms and plant cells.

Osmosis is significant in the life of a cell as it helps to regulate the cell's size and shape, and is crucial for unicellular freshwater organisms and plant cells. It also plays a key role in the absorption of water by plant roots, and is important for the exchange of gases and water in the life of a cell.

In the first activity, water moves into the egg when it is placed in pure water, causing it to swell. In the second activity, water moves out of the egg when it is placed in a concentrated salt solution, causing it to shrink. The significance of this difference is that it demonstrates the direction of water movement depending on the concentration of solutes in the surrounding solution.

Osmosis plays a key role in the absorption of water by plant roots, where water moves from the surrounding soil into the root cells. This process is crucial for the plant's overall function, as it allows the plant to absorb the necessary nutrients and water for growth and development.

The observation that dried raisins or apricots swell when placed in water is significant as it demonstrates the process of osmosis, where water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane, resulting in the swelling of the raisins or apricots.

Osmosis contributes to the exchange of gases and water in the life of a cell by allowing the movement of water and gases across the cell membrane. This process is significant in the cell's overall function as it allows the cell to maintain homeostasis and regulate its internal environment.

The observation that the egg shrinks when placed in a concentrated salt solution is significant as it demonstrates the process of osmosis, where water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon is the movement of water out of the egg through a selectively permeable membrane, resulting in the shrinkage of the egg.

The cell will gain water by osmosis and swell up because the outside solution has a higher water concentration than the cell, resulting in a net movement of water into the cell.

The concentration of solutes in the solution compared to the cell determines the direction of water movement across the plasma membrane during osmosis.

In an isotonic solution, the cell will maintain its shape and size because the concentration of water is equal to that of the cell, resulting in no net movement of water across the cell membrane.

The cell would lose water by osmosis and shrink because the solution has a lower concentration of water than the cell, resulting in a net movement of water out of the cell.

Osmosis is the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward a higher solute concentration, which is essential for maintaining cellular balance and preventing cell damage or death.

The cell would lose water by osmosis and shrink because the solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell, resulting in a net movement of water out of the cell.

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell, causing water to enter the cell and swell, whereas a hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell, causing water to leave the cell and shrink.

The concentration of solutes in the solution compared to the cell determines whether a solution is hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic to a cell.

Osmosis is a special case of diffusion that occurs through a selectively permeable membrane, and it plays a crucial role in the exchange of gases and water in the life of a cell.

The egg swells because water passes into it by osmosis, as the surrounding water has a lower solute concentration than the egg.

The results demonstrate that water moves into the raisins or apricots when they are placed in water, causing them to swell, and moves out when they are placed in a concentrated solution, causing them to shrink.

The selectively permeable nature of the cell membrane allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others, enabling the cell to regulate its internal environment through osmosis.

Unicellular freshwater organisms and plant cells tend to gain water through osmosis because they are surrounded by a hypotonic environment, and this process is essential for their survival and functioning.

Diffusion is the random movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, while osmosis is a special case of diffusion that occurs through a selectively permeable membrane.

The egg shrinks because water passes out of the egg into the salt solution by osmosis, as the surrounding salt solution has a higher solute concentration than the egg.

The activities demonstrate the importance of osmosis in regulating the movement of water into and out of the cell, which is essential for the cell's survival and functioning.

Absorption of water by plant roots is an example of osmosis, where water moves from the surrounding soil into the root cells, enabling the plant to absorb the necessary nutrients and water.

The concentration of solutes in the surrounding solution.

The cell's surroundings, either being more dilute or concentrated, affects the movement of water molecules, causing the cell to either gain or lose water.

The cell will lose water by osmosis, resulting in a hypertonic solution.

It allows water molecules to pass through while restricting the movement of solutes.

When the cell is placed in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of water is equal to that of the cell.

The cell will gain water by osmosis, causing it to swell.

It helps to regulate the movement of water and solutes across the cell membrane, maintaining cellular homeostasis.

The concentration of solutes in the solution compared to the concentration of solutes in the cell.

The egg swells because water passes into it by osmosis as the water concentration is higher outside the egg than inside.

A higher concentration of a solution outside the cell causes water molecules to move out of the cell, while a lower concentration causes water molecules to move into the cell.

The dried raisins or apricots lose water and shrink because the concentrated solution has a lower water concentration than the raisins or apricots.

They tend to gain water through osmosis because they are surrounded by a hypotonic solution, which has a higher water concentration than the cell.

The cell membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing water molecules to move in and out of the cell while controlling the movement of other substances.

The thin outer skin of the egg allows water molecules to pass through by osmosis, causing the egg to swell or shrink depending on the surrounding solution.

Osmosis is important for the exchange of gases and water in the life of a cell, and it helps to maintain the cell's overall function and structure.

Osmosis can cause a cell to swell or shrink depending on the concentration of the surrounding solution, leading to changes in the cell's volume.

The concentration of a solution determines the direction of water movement through the cell membrane, with water moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

The amount of substance dissolved in water affects the movement of water across the plasma membrane.

Hypotonic solution

There is no net movement of water across the cell membrane.

Hypertonic solution

The cell will lose water.

The concentration of solutes in the solution and the cell.

The cell will gain water and swell.

There is no net movement of water across the cell membrane.

The primary mechanism is osmosis, where water moves from an area of high concentration (pure water) to an area of low concentration (egg), causing the egg to swell.

The selective permeability of the cell membrane allows certain molecules to pass through while restricting others, enabling osmosis to occur. If the membrane was not selectively permeable, osmosis would not occur, and the cell would not be able to maintain its internal environment.

The underlying principle is osmosis, where water moves from an area of high concentration (plain water) to an area of low concentration (dried raisins or apricots), causing them to swell.

The concentration of solutes affects the direction of water movement, with water moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This affects cellular functions, as changes in water concentration can impact cellular activities and balance.

Osmosis is a special case of diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane, allowing cells to maintain their internal environment and balance. It is essential for cellular functions and survival.

Osmosis enables plant roots to absorb water, which is essential for plant growth and development. Water absorption via osmosis allows plants to maintain their internal environment and balance, promoting healthy growth and development.

The selectively permeable membrane allows osmosis to occur, enabling cells to maintain their internal environment and balance. It allows certain molecules to pass through while restricting others, which is essential for cellular functions.

The activity demonstrates the importance of osmosis by showing how the egg swells when placed in pure water and shrinks when placed in a concentrated salt solution. This reveals that osmosis is essential for maintaining cellular balance and that changes in water concentration can impact cellular activities.

Osmosis is essential for maintaining cellular balance, as it allows cells to regulate their internal environment and respond to changes in their surroundings. This is critical for cellular functions and survival, as imbalances can lead to cellular damage or death.

To stain the cells and make them visible under the microscope.

To provide support and protection to the cell, allowing it to withstand changes in the surrounding medium.

The cell swells due to the uptake of water by osmosis, and can eventually burst if the cell wall is not present.

Because they have a cell wall that provides support and protection to the cell.

To observe the structure of cells and understand the fundamental unit of life.

Only living cells are able to absorb water by osmosis, while dead cells are not.

To observe human cells and understand the fundamental unit of life.

Because cells are microscopic structures that require magnification to be observed.

Living cells can absorb water by osmosis, while dead cells cannot.

Osmosis is essential for cellular functions, enabling cells to maintain their shape and structure.

to provide structural strength

It undergoes plasmolysis, or shrinkage of the cell contents away from the cell wall.

To observe the structure and movement of chloroplasts.

To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

It causes the cell to shrink due to osmosis.

To facilitate photosynthesis.

Because it allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others.

To kill the cells.

The cell will shrink due to osmosis.

The cell wall provides structural strength to plants.

Plasmolysis is the contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall when a living plant cell loses water through osmosis. It can be observed by placing a strong solution of sugar or salt on a mounted leaf on a slide and observing under a microscope.

Chlorophyll is a green substance that is essential for photosynthesis.

In a living cell, plasmolysis occurs when it loses water through osmosis, whereas in a dead cell, plasmolysis does not occur.

The plasma membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane, allowing certain substances to pass through while restricting others.

Observing chloroplasts allows us to understand the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.

Substances like CO2 and water move in and out of the cell through the plasma membrane, which acts as a selectively permeable membrane.

The microscope allows us to observe the small structures of the plant cell, such as chloroplasts, that are not visible to the naked eye.

Understanding the structure and function of plant cells is essential for understanding the life processes of plants and their role in the ecosystem.

To permit the cells to withstand very dilute external media without bursting.

To stain the cells and observe them more clearly.

Cells from our own body.

They tend to take up water by osmosis and swell.

Because they are able to absorb water through their plasma membrane.

Safranin solution or methylene blue solution.

To differentiate regions of the cells based on their chemical composition.

Differential staining of regions based on their chemical composition.

To compare and understand the differences and similarities between cells from various sources.

The primary function of cell walls is to permit the cells to withstand very dilute external media without bursting, and they contribute to this by exerting an equal pressure against the swollen cell.

Different regions of cells get colored differentially due to their varying chemical compositions, resulting in distinct staining patterns.

Observing cells from an onion peel allows us to study the structure and function of plant cells, and infer that only living cells are able to absorb water by osmosis.

It is necessary to use a stain to visualize the cells' structure, and without it, we would not be able to observe the cells clearly.

The cell wall exerts an equal pressure against the swollen cell, allowing the cell to maintain its integrity and withstand changes in the surrounding medium.

Only living cells are able to absorb water by osmosis, while dead cells are not.

Observing cells from the human body allows us to study the structure and function of animal cells, and gain insight into the characteristics of living cells.

The cell membrane's selectively permeable nature allows it to regulate the flow of water and solutes, enabling the cell to survive in environments with varying concentrations of solutes.

The activity allows us to obtain cells from the human body, which can be used to study the structure and function of animal cells, and gain insight into the characteristics of living cells.

The primary function of the cell wall is to provide structural strength to plants. It is composed of cellulose, a complex substance that gives plants their shape and support.

Plasmolysis is the phenomenon where the cell contents shrink away from the cell wall when a living plant cell loses water through osmosis. It can be observed by mounting a Rhoeo leaf peel in water on a slide and examining it under a microscope.

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass through while keeping others out. This allows the cell to control what enters and leaves the cell.

The cell wall provides structural strength to plants, supports the plant's shape, and helps to maintain the internal pressure of the cell.

Chlorophyll is a green substance found in chloroplasts that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. It can be observed in Rhoeo leaf cells under a microscope as small green granules.

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. In plant cells, osmosis affects the movement of water in and out of the cell, leading to changes in cell size and shape.

The selectively permeable nature of the plasma membrane allows certain substances to pass through while keeping others out, regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

The concentration of solutes in the surrounding solution affects the movement of water across the cell membrane through osmosis. If the surrounding solution has a higher solute concentration, water will move out of the cell, and if it has a lower solute concentration, water will move into the cell.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing most of the cell's genetic material. It plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and division.

Plasmolysis helps to demonstrate the contraction of the cell contents away from the cell wall, indicating the cell's ability to lose water through osmosis. It showcases the selective permeability of the plasma membrane and the importance of the cell wall in providing structural support.

Cellulose provides structural strength to the plant cell, allowing it to maintain its shape and withstand external forces. It enables the cell to grow and develop, while also protecting the cell's contents from the environment.

The selectively permeable plasma membrane allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others, controlling the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment. This regulation is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and facilitating various cellular processes.

Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which enables plant cells to undergo photosynthesis, producing energy for the cell. This process is essential for the cell's survival and growth.

The activity demonstrates the effect of osmosis on living and dead plant cells, showcasing the cells' ability to respond to changes in their environment. It highlights the importance of the cell wall and plasma membrane in regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

The cell wall provides structural support, while the plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Together, they maintain cellular homeostasis by controlling the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment.

Plasmolysis demonstrates the contraction of the cell contents away from the cell wall in living cells, which is not observed in dead cells. This highlights the importance of the cell's ability to regulate its internal environment and respond to external changes.

The rigid cell wall provides structural support, enabling the cell to maintain its shape and withstand external forces. This allows the cell to respond to environmental changes, such as changes in osmotic pressure, without compromising its integrity.

The selectively permeable plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining the cell's internal environment and homeostasis. This ensures the cell's proper functioning and survival.

To permit the cells to withstand very dilute (hypotonic) external media without bursting.

To stain the cells and observe the differential coloring of different regions based on their chemical composition.

That living cells have a selectively permeable membrane that allows for osmosis.

To observe the structure and function of human cells and understand their role in the body.

By regulating the movement of water into or out of the cell, maintaining cellular balance and preventing bursting or shrinking.

It allows for the regulation of the movement of substances across the cell membrane, maintaining cellular balance.

To understand the diversity of cellular structures and functions within the same organism.

It allows plant roots to absorb water from the soil, which is essential for plant growth and development.

That cells have different regions with different chemical compositions, which are stained differentially by iodine solution.

The contents of the cell contract away from the cell wall, a phenomenon known as plasmolysis.

The main component of the plant cell wall is cellulose, which provides structural strength to the plant.

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis.

The cells undergo plasmolysis, causing the cell contents to contract away from the cell wall.

To kill the cells and observe the effects of plasmolysis.

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to enter or leave the cell.

The nucleus plays a crucial role in the cell's interactions with its environment.

The cell loses water through osmosis, causing the cell contents to contract away from the cell wall.

Osmosis helps regulate the cell's water balance and maintain its shape.

To stain the cells and differentiate regions based on their chemical composition.

The cell wall exerts an equal pressure against the swollen cell, allowing it to withstand the osmotic pressure.

It helps to understand the diversity of cell structure and function within an organism.

It underscores the fundamental role of cells in the organization and functioning of living organisms.

The cell wall provides mechanical support, allowing the cell to withstand osmotic pressure and regulate water uptake.

It allows us to study the structure and function of human cells and appreciate the diversity of cell types in the human body.

Living cells have functional cell membranes that allow for osmosis, whereas dead cells do not.

It selectively regulates the movement of substances, maintaining cellular homeostasis and enabling cellular processes.

Osmosis enables the exchange of water and gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, across the cell membrane.

It provides mechanical support, allowing cells to withstand osmotic pressure and maintain their shape.

Nucleus

Nuclear membrane

DNA and protein

Genes

Chromatin material

Cellular reproduction

The nucleus, along with the environment

Regulation of the movement of substances

The nucleus directs the chemical activities of the cell and determines the way the cell will develop and what form it will exhibit at maturity.

Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane. Additionally, prokaryotic cells lack most of the other cytoplasmic organelles present in eukaryotic cells.

Nucleoid

To associate with chlorophyll

Prokaryotes

Cytoplasm

To enclose the cell's contents and regulate the movement of substances

Eukaryotes

To perform specific functions for the cell

It indicates the absence of a nuclear membrane and the presence of a nucleoid

Not specified in the provided text

Nuclear membrane

DNA and protein

The nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction and determining the way the cell will develop and what form it will exhibit at maturity.

Chromatin material

DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) molecules

Genes

It gets organised into chromosomes

It plays a crucial part in directing the chemical activities of the cell

It plays a central role in cellular reproduction

Prokaryotes

Nucleoid

Presence or absence of a nuclear membrane

Cytoplasm

Perform specific functions for the cell

Associated with membranous vesicles

Eukaryotes

Functions are performed by poorly organised parts of the cytoplasm

Absence or presence of a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles

Nuclear membrane; it has pores that allow the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to its outside, to the cytoplasm.

Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein; they contain information for inheritance of characters from parents to next generation in the form of DNA molecules.

Genes

The nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction; it also plays a crucial part in determining the way the cell will develop and what form it will exhibit at maturity, by directing the chemical activities of the cell.

Entangled mass of thread-like structures

Chromatin material gets organized into chromosomes when the cell is about to divide.

The nucleus determines the development and form of the cell by directing the chemical activities of the cell; it also interacts with the environment to determine the cell's final form.

The nuclear membrane has pores that allow the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to its outside, to the cytoplasm.

The chromatin material is the organized structure of DNA in a non-dividing cell; it is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.

The absence of a nuclear membrane.

They are associated with chlorophyll.

Cytoplasm.

The presence of membrane-bound cell organelles.

The nucleoid is a poorly defined nuclear region without a nuclear membrane, whereas the nucleus is a well-defined region with a nuclear membrane.

It indicates that those functions are performed by poorly organized parts of the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

It refers to cells that lack a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

The nuclear membrane has pores that allow the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein, and they contain the information necessary for inheritance of characters from parents to the next generation.

Chromatin material is an entangled mass of thread-like structures visible in non-dividing cells, and it gets organized into chromosomes during cell division.

The nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction, directing the chemical activities of the cell and determining the way it develops and the form it exhibits at maturity.

Functional segments of DNA are called genes, which contain the information necessary for constructing and organizing cells.

The nucleus contains the genetic material, and the cytoplasm is the site of various cellular activities, with the nuclear membrane facilitating the exchange of materials between the two.

The nuclear membrane is a double-layered covering that surrounds the nucleus, with pores that allow the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

DNA molecules contain the information necessary for constructing and organizing cells, and they play a crucial role in the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.

The genetic material is organized into chromosomes during cell division, and chromatin material is the entangled mass of thread-like structures visible in non-dividing cells.

The primary difference is that prokaryotic cells lack a defined nuclear region and nuclear membrane, whereas eukaryotic cells have a defined nuclear region and nuclear membrane.

The function of membranous vesicles is to associate with chlorophyll.

The cytoplasm is the fluid content inside the plasma membrane, and it contains many specialized cell organelles that perform specific functions for the cell.

The absence of membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes means that the functions of these organelles are performed by poorly organized parts of the cytoplasm.

The term used to describe organisms whose cells lack a nuclear membrane is prokaryotes.

The region of a prokaryotic cell that contains nucleic acids but lacks a nuclear membrane is called a nucleoid.

The organelles in eukaryotic cells are membrane-bound and perform specific functions, whereas the organelles in prokaryotic cells are poorly organized and lack membranes.

The presence of a nuclear membrane in eukaryotic cells allows for the separation of the genetic material from the rest of the cell.

The functions of cell organelles in prokaryotic cells are performed by poorly organized parts of the cytoplasm, whereas the functions of cell organelles in eukaryotic cells are performed by membrane-bound organelles.

The nuclear membrane has pores that allow the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm, facilitating the exchange of genetic information and proteins.

Chromatin material is composed of DNA and proteins, and it gets organized into chromosomes when the cell is about to divide, allowing for the transmission of genetic information.

The nucleus plays a central role in cellular reproduction by directing the chemical activities of the cell, and it interacts with the environment to determine the cell's development and form by regulating gene expression.

DNA molecules contain the genetic information necessary for constructing and organizing cells, and they are composed of functional segments called genes that direct cellular processes.

The nucleus regulates the chemical activities of the cell by directing gene expression, and this regulation is crucial for determining the cell's development and form by controlling the production of proteins and other cellular components.

The nucleus and the cytoplasm interact through the nuclear membrane, which allows for the exchange of genetic information and proteins, facilitating cellular processes such as gene expression and protein synthesis.

The chromatin material is composed of DNA and proteins, and it plays a crucial role in the transmission of genetic information by getting organized into chromosomes during cell division.

The nucleus directs the chemical activities of the cell by regulating gene expression, and this direction is crucial for determining the cell's development and form by controlling the production of proteins and other cellular components.

The nucleus plays a central role in the inheritance of characters by transmitting genetic information from parents to the next generation through the transmission of DNA molecules.

The absence of a nuclear membrane.

Membranous vesicles are associated with chlorophyll, whereas in eukaryotic cells, chlorophyll is associated with plastids.

Cytoplasm, a fluid content that includes many specialized cell organelles.

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have many specialized organelles enclosed by membranes.

The nucleus is the site of genetic material, and it is absent in prokaryotic cells, whereas in eukaryotic cells, it is a membrane-bound organelle.

Prokaryotes, which have a nucleoid, a poorly defined nuclear region containing only nucleic acids.

The absence of organelles reflects the simplified cellular organization of prokaryotes, and they compensate by using poorly organized parts of the cytoplasm to perform similar functions.

Eukaryotes, which have a nucleus, a membrane-bound organelle containing genetic material.

Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nuclear region and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and many specialized organelles, which reflects their distinct evolutionary histories and cellular functions.

The primary function of the ER is to manufacture proteins and lipids, and transport them to various parts of the cell.

RER has ribosomes attached to its surface, whereas SER does not.

Membrane biogenesis.

Prokaryotic cells have an undefined nuclear region, whereas eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nuclear region surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

It allows for the transport of proteins and lipids synthesized by the ER to the cell membrane and other parts of the cell.

To serve as channels for the transport of materials, especially proteins, between various regions of the cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

Some proteins function as enzymes and hormones, while others help build the cell membrane.

Ribosomes are the sites of protein manufacture, and they are attached to the surface of RER.

The presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells.

They carry out crucial functions in the cell.

The ER synthesizes lipids that are important for cell function, including those used to build the cell membrane.

The cell.

To separate different chemical activities within the cell.

To support their complicated structure and function.

To provide a surface area for various cellular activities.

Some organelles are visible only with an electron microscope.

The cell membrane keeps the cell's contents separate from the external environment.

The nuclear region in prokaryotic cells lacks a well-defined nucleus and nuclear membrane, whereas in eukaryotic cells, the nuclear region is well-defined and surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

The SER helps in the manufacture of fat molecules, or lipids, which are important for cell function.

Ribosomes are the sites of protein manufacture, and the manufactured proteins are sent to various places in the cell depending on need, using the ER.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has particles called ribosomes attached to its surface, whereas smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) does not.

The process is called membrane biogenesis, and it is significant because it helps in building the cell membrane, which is essential for cell function.

The ER is a large network of membrane-bound tubes and sheets that helps in protein synthesis and lipid synthesis.

Some of these proteins and lipids help in building the cell membrane, while others function as enzymes and hormones.

The ER helps in the manufacture of cell organelles by synthesizing proteins and lipids that are essential for their function.

The primary function of the ER is to serve as channels for the transport of materials, especially proteins, between various regions of the cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

The membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells contribute to the complexity of their structure and function by separating and organizing different chemical activities, allowing the cell to perform a variety of functions simultaneously.

The cell membrane is significant in maintaining the internal environment of the cell by keeping the cell's contents separate from the external environment and regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

The organelles in eukaryotic cells interact with each other by performing specific functions and coordinating their activities to maintain the overall functioning of the cell.

The ER's role as a cytoplasmic framework is significant in maintaining the structure of the cell by providing a surface for the attachment of other organelles and supporting the cell's framework.

The cell organelles contribute to the overall functioning of the cell by performing specific functions, and this is significant for our understanding of cellular biology because it highlights the importance of organization and coordination in maintaining cellular function.

The distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is significant because it highlights the differences in cellular organization and complexity, with eukaryotic cells having membrane-bound organelles and prokaryotic cells lacking them.

The cell organelles in eukaryotic cells work together to regulate the chemical activities of the cell by performing specific functions and coordinating their activities, and this is significant because it allows the cell to maintain homeostasis and respond to environmental changes.

The cell being the fundamental unit of life is significant because it emphasizes the importance of cellular structure and function in understanding biological processes, and highlights the cell's role as the basic building block of life.

Detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

Storage, modification, and packaging of products in vesicles.

Camillo Golgi.

The membranes of the Golgi apparatus have connections with the membranes of the ER.

Hospital for the Chronically Sick at Abbiategrasso.

The Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of lysosomes.

Making complex sugars from simple sugars.

University of Pavia.

The 'black reaction'

To break complex substances into simpler substances

He shared the Nobel prize in 1906 with Santiago Ramony Cajal for their work

RER makes the digestive enzymes found in lysosomes

They end up in lysosomes and are broken down

They help keep the cell clean by breaking down foreign materials and worn-out organelles

It can impact the ability of lysosomes to break down complex substances

It allows for the tracing of delicate ramifications of cells

He developed a revolutionary method of staining individual nerve and cell structures

The SER plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs in the liver cells of vertebrates.

The Golgi apparatus is involved in the storage, modification, and packaging of products in vesicles, and it also plays a role in the formation of lysosomes.

Camillo Golgi

The Golgi apparatus has connections with the ER and is involved in the modification and packaging of products synthesised near the ER.

The Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of lysosomes.

In some cases, complex sugars may be made from simple sugars in the Golgi apparatus.

A little kitchen in the Hospital for the Chronically Sick at Abbiategrasso, which he had converted into a laboratory.

He worked at the Hospital of St. Matteo in Pavia.

It is a revolutionary method of staining individual nerve and cell structures, allowing for the tracing of delicate cell processes and ramifications.

Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down foreign materials and worn-out organelles, helping to keep the cell clean and functioning properly.

RER produces the digestive enzymes that are found in lysosomes.

It recognized their groundbreaking work on the structure of the nervous system.