Discover the Types and Symptoms of Liver Disease

Being overweight, having undiagnosed hepatitis or virus in the liver, and drinking too much alcohol.

It can cause the liver to produce more fat than usual, which slows down the citric acid cycle, leading to symptoms like jaundice.

Eating a healthy diet, limiting alcohol consumption, and getting tested for hepatitis if they've never been tested before.

Liver disease

At least 2 million

Obesity, undiagnosed hepatitis, and alcohol misuse

The liver's role in maintaining immune tolerance is through intrahepatic T-cell activation, which deals with foreign antigens to maintain homeostasis. Understanding this mechanism is important for drug development and treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Uncontrolled T-cell activation in the liver can lead to autoimmune diseases and inflammation.

The primary mechanism by which the liver deals with foreign antigens is through intrahepatic T-cell activation.

Jaundice is a common symptom that can indicate liver disease, caused by an excess amount of bilirubin due to liver disease or an obstruction of bile flow from the liver to the intestines.

Possible causes include liver disease or an obstruction of bile flow from the liver to the intestines, such as in cases of gallstones or pancreatic cancer.

Preventative measures include maintaining a healthy weight, getting tested for hepatitis, and limiting alcohol intake. Early detection and treatment are also crucial for better outcomes.

NAFLD is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease which is strongly associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body's cells do not respond adequately to insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels.

The liver plays a crucial role in regulating glucose and insulin levels in the body.

Monitoring insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD may be important for early intervention and prevention as insulin resistance is a precursor to type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

The liver has several functions including protein metabolism and conjugation.

It can aid in the development of treatments for autoimmune diseases.

Maintaining a healthy weight, getting tested for hepatitis, and limiting alcohol intake can help reduce the risk of liver disease.

Liver disease is the third leading cause of premature death in the UK.

The three main causes of liver disease are obesity, undiagnosed hepatitis, and alcohol misuse.

The standardized mortality data shows a significant increase in deaths due to liver disease from 1970 to 2010.

The liver has multiple metabolic functions, such as oxidative metabolism, gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis, and xenobiotic metabolism.

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy.

Obesity-related liver disease is on the rise, necessitating an obesity strategy for adults.

The liver contains Kupffer cells, stellate cells, hepatocytes, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. Their functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, hormone metabolism, detoxification, bilirubin metabolism, and storage of various substances.

The two phases of detoxification are cytochrome P450 involvement and conjugation using glutathione and glucuronic acid. Cytochrome P450 is involved in the breakdown of toxins, while conjugation involves attaching a molecule to the toxin to make it more water-soluble and easier to eliminate from the body.

Causes of jaundice may include deficient bilirubin metabolism, increased iron levels, and other factors. Bilirubin metabolism and excretion involve the destruction of erythrocytes, formation of bilirubin conjugates, and conversion to urobilinogen and stercobilin.

Hepatocytes add glucuronide molecules to unconjugated bilirubin, converting it into conjugated bilirubin.

Bile aids in fat absorption and excretion and is stored in the gall bladder.

The liver plays a role in glucose homeostasis, lipid and protein synthesis, bile synthesis and secretion, and metabolism of drugs and toxins. Liver diseases such as cholestasis, acute and chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis can affect liver function.