Discover the Secrets of Marine Envenomation
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Questions and Answers

Which venomous marine creature can attack its prey by holding it with its tentacles, piercing its shell with its beak, and then envenomating it?

  • Tetrodotoxin
  • Marbled Cone
  • Cone Shells
  • Blue-ringed Octopus (correct)

    • What is the mechanism of action of neurotoxins at the neuromuscular junction?

  • Activation of GABA receptors
  • Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
  • Enhancement of acetylcholine release
  • Blockade of voltage gated Na+ channels (correct)

    • What is the classification of Cone Shells based on their prey?

  • Molluscivorous, Vermivorous, Carnivorous
  • Molluscivorous, Vermivorous, Piscivorous (correct)
  • Molluscivorous, Carnivorous, Piscivorous
  • Herbivorous, Vermivorous, Piscivorous

    • Which venomous marine creature contains conotoxins in its venom?

    <p>Marbled Cone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Transporting lymph fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management for envenomation by a Blue-ringed Octopus on a limb?

    <p>Pressure immobilisation bandage (PIB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) venom from a Blue-ringed Octopus?

    <p>Neuromuscular blockade and respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Na+ ion channel toxins found in the venom of Marbled Cone?

    <p>Causing paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative method of envenomation used by a Blue-ringed Octopus?

    <p>Squirting venom into water and waiting for paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the status of antivenom availability for envenomation by a Blue-ringed Octopus?

    <p>No antivenom available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of a stonefish sting?

    <p>Respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for a lionfish sting?

    <p>Immerse in hot water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fish is known for its venomous spines and can cause symptoms such as intense throbbing pain, tingling sensations, and blistering?

    <p>Lionfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of management for a scorpion fish sting?

    <p>Wash site and clear away any debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of a toadfish sting?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue in the management of sea urchin injuries?

    <p>Removal of spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about stingrays?

    <p>They can cause nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main management for a jellyfish sting?

    <p>Immerse in hot water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of jellyfish is known as 'the most venomous creature in the world'?

    <p>Cubozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nematocysts in jellyfish envenomation?

    <p>They deliver venom and adhere to prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which jellyfish is responsible for the most documented deaths in Australian waters?

    <p>Chironex fleckeri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which jellyfish is associated with the condition known as Irukandji syndrome?

    <p>Irukandji jellyfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of Irukandji syndrome?

    <p>Vomiting, profuse sweating, headache, agitation, rapid heart rate, and very high blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management for a sting from a Box Jellyfish?

    <p>Immediate removal of any tentacles and wash with vinegar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management for a sting from a Bluebottle Jellyfish?

    <p>Wash site with seawater and immerse in hot water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the venom components of importance in sea snakes?

    <p>Post-synaptic neurotoxins and myotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment method for sea snake bites?

    <p>Pressure bandage immobilization and antivenom if indicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the venom used to produce sea snake antivenom?

    <p>Both Beaked sea snake and Tiger snake venom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many species of sea snakes are there in Northern Australia?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the local effects of sea snake envenoming?

    <p>Ptosis, limb weakness, myolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of snakes in Australia includes the Cobras found overseas?

    <p>Elapid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many snake bites occur per year in Australia?

    <p>2000-3000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the LD50?

    <p>The dose of venom that kills 50% of mice over a 24/48h period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake is also known as the common brown snake?

    <p>Eastern brown snake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake family is the most diverse and widespread?

    <p>Colubrids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many fatalities per year are there from snake bites in Australia?

    <p>1-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake is also known as the fierce snake or small-scaled snake?

    <p>Inland taipan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of snakes in Australia has none of its species present?

    <p>Vipers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake is also known as gwardar?

    <p>Western brown snake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate fatality rate from snake bites in Australia per 100,000 population?

    <p>0.01</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds are commonly found in snake venoms?

    <p>Proteins and polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of myotoxins found in snake venoms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of coagulation induced by snake venoms?

    <p>Procoagulant activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of neurotoxins found in snake venoms?

    <p>Postsynaptic inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of haemotoxins found in snake venoms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key early sign of nephrotoxicity caused by snake venoms?

    <p>Oliguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of cardiotoxins found in snake venoms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following snake species is associated with kidney damage as a result of snakebite?

    <p>Coastal taipan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of death from haemotoxins in snake venoms?

    <p>Delayed bleeding tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following snake venoms may cause heart failure?

    <p>Cardiotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake is responsible for more deaths every year in Australia than any other group of snakes?

    <p>Eastern Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake has venom ranked as the second most toxic of any land snake in the world?

    <p>Eastern Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake raises its body off the ground, winds into an 'S' shape, and opens its mouth when disturbed?

    <p>Eastern Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake is less aggressive than its eastern cousin and tends to be fast moving and nervous in temperament?

    <p>Western Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake delivers three times as much venom as the eastern brown snake?

    <p>Western Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake's bite is usually painless and difficult to see due to the small fang marks?

    <p>Western Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake's venom causes progressive paralysis and stops the blood from clotting?

    <p>Eastern Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake's venom may take many doses of antivenom to treat envenomation?

    <p>Eastern Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake's bite can cause severe coagulopathy (blood clotting disorder) and sometimes kidney damage?

    <p>Western Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake is found throughout the eastern half of mainland Australia?

    <p>Eastern Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following snake species produces the most lethal poison drop-for-drop?

    <p>Inland taipan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical features is NOT commonly seen in brown snake envenomation?

    <p>Neurotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snake venom may cause severe secondary rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>Mulga snake (King Brown)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical features is commonly seen in taipan envenomation?

    <p>Convulsion (especially in children)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following snake venoms is associated with a mild risk of paralysis?

    <p>Copperhead snake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lizards is known to have venom and peptides that can decrease blood pressure?

    <p>Australian Lace Monitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following snake venoms contains pre- and post-synaptic toxins?

    <p>Black snake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of black snake envenomation?

    <p>Mild neurotoxic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of coagulation induced by snake venoms?

    <p>Risk of major haemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical features is commonly seen in tiger snake envenomation?

    <p>Dark urine (myoglobinurea)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antivenom is a combination of all species used in Australia?

    <p>Polyvalent antivenom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much antivenom is in a vial of Taipan antivenom?

    <p>12,000 units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management for envenomation by a Blue-ringed Octopus on a limb?

    <p>Apply a pressure immobilization bandage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of death from haemotoxins in snake venoms?

    <p>Respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of cardiotoxins found in snake venoms?

    <p>Muscle damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue in the management of sea urchin injuries?

    <p>Infection control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Na+ ion channel toxins found in the venom of Marbled Cone?

    <p>Block nerve conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Draining excess fluid from tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of management for a scorpion fish sting?

    <p>Immerse the affected area in hot water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) venom from a Blue-ringed Octopus?

    <p>Muscle paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

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