Discourse Analysis: Pioneers and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Who was the first to introduce the term DA for analyzing connected speech?

  • Zellig Harris (correct)
  • J.R. Firth
  • Van Dijk
  • Michael Halliday

According to Van Dijk, how can DA be understood?

  • Differently by different language users in different context (correct)
  • Consistently across all language users and contexts
  • Equally by all language users in different context
  • Similarly by different language users in different context

According to J.R. Firth, what is needed to understand the meaning of something?

  • Historical context only
  • Linguistic context only
  • Geographical context only
  • Situational and cultural context (correct)

What did John Sinclair emphasize should be the key focus in the analysis of meaning?

<p>Language in the occurring context (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first areas of discourse structure studied by Mitchell (1957)?

<p>Buying and selling interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major theme explored in The Great Gatsby?

<p>The critique of materialism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Daisy Buchanan is depicted as a loyal and unwavering character throughout the novel.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who does Gatsby unintentionally harm while driving with Daisy?

<p>Myrtle Wilson</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jay Gatsby's dream ultimately leads to his ______.

<p>ruin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characters with their respective roles in the story:

<p>Jay Gatsby = Aspiring millionaire Tom Buchanan = Daisy's wealthy husband Myrtle Wilson = Tom's mistress Nick Carraway = The narrator</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary technique is Fitzgerald celebrated for in The Great Gatsby?

<p>Lyrical prose and vivid imagery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ending of Gatsby's life is met with a large funeral attended by many friends.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What realization does Nick come to by the end of the novel?

<p>Contorted dreams can lead to one's ruin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the epigraph of the novel suggest about winning affection?

<p>Earn wealth and dance to impress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fitzgerald created the character Thomas Parke D’Invilliers to represent modern thinking.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Nick Carraway as a narrator?

<p>He offers a careful and critical view of the decadent society around him.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term __________ refers to a young woman who challenged social norms in the 1920s.

<p>flapper</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the green light symbolize in The Great Gatsby?

<p>Gatsby's hope and dreams (A), The American Dream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gatsby is depicted as a character who successfully recreates his past.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the themes or symbolism with their associated concepts in The Great Gatsby:

<p>Gold hat = Wealth and superficiality Nick Carraway = Critical observer Flapper = Changing female roles Great War = Crisis of identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major theme explored by Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby?

<p>The American Dream's disillusionment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Gatsby’s car in the novel?

<p>It symbolizes Gatsby's wealth and his desire to impress Daisy, ultimately representing his superficiality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The character of Jimmy Gatz represents the ideal American individual striving for wealth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Buchanans' house is described as having a lawn that __________ toward the front door.

<p>ran</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'gold-hatted, high-bouncing lover' imply in the context of the epigraph?

<p>It implies that superficial displays of wealth and charm are inadequate for true love.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characters with their symbolic representations:

<p>Gatsby = Hope and aspiration Daisy = Wealth and materialism Tom Buchanan = Old money and privilege Myrtle Wilson = The desire to escape social class</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theme is prominently explored in The Great Gatsby?

<p>The hollow nature of wealth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fitzgerald is known for chronicling the life of __________, a group marked by changing social norms.

<p>flappers</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Fitzgerald’s portrayal of women in The Great Gatsby reflect societal changes?

<p>Women are depicted as gaining independence and redefining gender roles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fitzgerald's use of imagery in The Great Gatsby enhances the narrative's emotional depth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Nick Carraway's perspective contribute to the story?

<p>It provides a reflective and critical viewpoint on Gatsby and the society of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gatsby's belief that he can _________ the past illustrates his misunderstanding of time and reality.

<p>repeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary technique does Fitzgerald prominently use throughout The Great Gatsby?

<p>Symbolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal changes does The Great Gatsby highlight?

<p>The impact of World War I on youth disillusionment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The character of Gatsby represents the American Dream as achievable.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one symbol used in The Great Gatsby and explain its significance.

<p>The green light at the end of Daisy's dock represents Gatsby's hope and dreams for the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The character of __________ embodies the new independent female of the 1920s in The Great Gatsby.

<p>Jordan Baker</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characters from The Great Gatsby with their corresponding traits:

<p>Jay Gatsby = Self-made millionaire with a tragic flaw Daisy Buchanan = Symbol of wealth and beauty Tom Buchanan = Affluent but morally decayed Jordan Baker = Independent and modern woman</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Gatsby's inability to understand how money works in society symbolize?

<p>Class stratification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fitzgerald portrayed Gatsby as a completely self-aware character regarding his social status.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major theme presented in The Great Gatsby regarding the American Dream?

<p>Disillusionment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gatsby's elaborate parties serve to highlight the themes of __________ and social stratification.

<p>wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characters with their descriptions in The Great Gatsby:

<p>Gatsby = A man who embodies the American Dream but is ultimately betrayed by it. Daisy Buchanan = Represents the wealth and social status that Gatsby desires. Tom Buchanan = Embodies the arrogance of the established wealthy class. Nick Carraway = The narrator who reflects on the events and characters with a critical eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary device does Fitzgerald primarily use to comment on society in The Great Gatsby?

<p>Economy of means (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'hauntedness' refers to Gatsby's contentment with his social status.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of American history moved Fitzgerald deeply?

<p>Innocence and generosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fitzgerald was seen as a novelist of manners, focusing on _____ stratification within society.

<p>class</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Gatsby's character serve as an archetypal figure in the context of the American Dream?

<p>He is both a believer and a victim of the American Dream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DA in connected speech

A method for analyzing connected speech, introduced by Zellig Harris.

Contextual understanding of DA

Van Dijk suggests that different people understand DA differently based on context.

Firth's meaning analysis

J.R. Firth believed that understanding meaning requires knowing both the situation and culture surrounding the language.

Sinclair's focus on meaning

John Sinclair emphasized that language meaning is best understood within its use or occurring context.

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Early Discourse Structure

Mitchell (1957) initially studied discourse structure, including instances like buying and selling interactions.

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Gatsby's dream

Gatsby's desire to win back Daisy, fueled by his romantic vision of the past and driven by wealth and social status.

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Daisy's flaws

Daisy is depicted as a complex character, exhibiting both idealism and a lack of commitment, ultimately choosing comfort and security over true love.

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Tom's role

Tom represents the established, wealthy elite, characterized by materialism, infidelity, and a sense of entitlement.

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Myrtle's tragedy

Myrtle's death, a careless accident caused by Daisy, highlights the consequences of Gatsby's pursuit of the past and the destructive nature of social inequality.

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George Wilson's rage

Fueled by grief and the belief that Gatsby is responsible for his wife's death, George takes revenge, representing the destructive power of anger and misunderstanding.

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Gatsby's downfall

Gatsby's tragic fate, a direct result of his flawed dream and his inability to adapt to reality, highlights the dangers of living in the past.

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Fitzgerald's critique

The novel explores the themes of materialism, social hypocrisy, and the American Dream's failures, offering a critique of the Roaring Twenties and its moral decay.

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Timeless significance

Despite being set in the 1920s, The Great Gatsby continues to resonate with readers as it explores universal themes of love, loss, and the pursuit of happiness.

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The Great Gatsby's setting

The novel is set in the 1920s, during the 'Jazz Age,' a time of rapid social change, economic prosperity, and cultural transformation in America.

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The American Dream in The Great Gatsby

The novel critiques the unattainable nature of the American Dream, portraying it as driven by materialism, fueled by illusions, and ultimately leading to disillusionment and tragedy.

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Gatsby's Character

Jay Gatsby represents the idealized vision of the American Dream. He is a self-made millionaire, obsessed with achieving his past love and creating a lavish lifestyle.

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Flapper Girls in The Great Gatsby

Flapper girls, like Jordan Baker, embody the rebellious, independent spirit of young women in the 1920s, challenging traditional social norms and expressing their newfound freedom.

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What is the core theme of The Great Gatsby?

The Great Gatsby explores the themes of love, loss, and the destructive nature of the American Dream. It highlights the pursuit of wealth, the illusions of happiness, and the ultimate tragedy of unattainable desires.

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Epigraph's Purpose

The epigraph in The Great Gatsby is meant to highlight the foolishness of trying to earn someone's affection solely through material wealth and superficial actions.

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Fitzgerald and the Flapper

F. Scott Fitzgerald was known for accurately depicting the "flapper" – a young woman rebelling against social norms in the 1920s.

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Epigraph's Author

While attributed to Thomas Parke D'Invilliers, Fitzgerald himself actually wrote the novel's epigraph. This highlights the fictional nature of the advice being given.

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D'Invilliers' Character

The name "Thomas Parke D'Invilliers" suggests an antiquated, out-of-touch character, not someone who understands the modern industrial age or the post-war world.

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Nick Carraway's Role

Nick Carraway is the narrator of The Great Gatsby, introducing the story and himself as a Midwestern observer caught up in the world of Eastern decadence.

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Nick's Self-Awareness

Nick explains his cautious criticism, hinting at his own role as an observer and why he is suitable for narrating the story.

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East vs. West

The contrast between Nick's Midwestern upbringing and the decadent Eastern world he encounters sets the stage for exploring the themes of the novel.

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The Great War's Impact

The aftermath of the Great War is a backdrop to the novel, creating a sense of disillusionment and questioning the meaning of wealth and success.

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Green Light

Represents Gatsby's unattainable dream of reuniting with Daisy, symbolizing the elusive American Dream.

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Boats Against the Current

Metaphor for humanity's struggle against time and the inevitability of the past's influence.

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Gatsby's Parties

Elaborate and extravagant events intended to attract Daisy's attention, showcasing Gatsby's wealth and desire.

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Daisy and Jordan's First Appearance

Fitzgerald's vivid description of Daisy and Jordan, emphasizing their elegance and sophistication.

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Gatsby's Car

A symbol of Gatsby's ostentatious wealth and materialistic values, reflecting his attempts to impress Daisy.

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Gatsby's Shirt Display

Symbolic scene where Gatsby reveals stacks of shirts to Daisy, emphasizing his wealth and longing for a past love.

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Gatsby's Guest List

Representing Gatsby's diverse and seemingly random network of connections, highlighting his desire for social acceptance.

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Nick's Recollection of the Midwest

Contrasts the superficiality of the East Coast with the simplicity and genuine values of the Midwest.

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Gatsby's Pursuit of Daisy

Driven by a longing for a past love, Gatsby believes he can recapture the lost time and win Daisy back with his wealth.

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Gatsby's Beliefs About Money

The misguided belief that love and happiness can be bought with money, leading to tragic consequences.

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Fitzgerald's Novel of Manners

Fitzgerald used his writing to focus on social class dynamics, particularly the behavior and interactions of wealthy individuals, offering insights into their world.

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Gatsby's Money Blindness

Despite his immense wealth, Gatsby struggles to understand the intricate workings of high society and the ingrained arrogance of the wealthy elite.

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Social Commentary through Detail

Fitzgerald reveals social commentary in The Great Gatsby by strategically using minute details, which simultaneously provide factual information and underlying meanings.

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Gatsby's Party Guests

The long list of guests at Gatsby's parties exposes the shallowness of his social circle, highlighting those who attend purely for enjoyment and not genuine connection.

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Fitzgerald's Use of Detail

Fitzgerald masterfully crafts a detailed narrative, using specific elements to evoke the feeling, atmosphere, and rhythm of a particular moment in time and place.

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The Haunting of Gatsby

Fitzgerald explores themes of lost time, missed opportunities, and the fleeting nature of wealth and happiness in The Great Gatsby.

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The Great Gatsby's Enduring Appeal

The novel's enduring popularity stems from its exploration of the American Dream and its complexities, prompting readers to ponder its promises and pitfalls.

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Fitzgerald's Meditation on the American Dream

The Great Gatsby delves into the mythology of the American Dream, its inherent promises, and its potential for both fulfillment and betrayal.

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Gatsby's Innocence and Generosity

Fitzgerald depicts Gatsby as a character who embodies both innocence and generosity, reflecting a certain idealism inherent in American history.

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Gatsby as an Archetype

Gatsby represents a universal figure who embodies the hopes and dreams, but also the potential for disappointment, that often accompany the pursuit of the American Dream.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: Literature and Society
  • Course Code: ENG712
  • Professor: Magda Haroun
  • University: Ain Shams University
  • Faculty: Arts
  • Year: 2024
  • Location: Cairo

Table of Contents

  • Introduction: Pages 3-6
  • The Role of Literature in Society: Pages 7-22
  • Literature as a Tool for Social Commentary and Critique: Pages 23-97
  • Power and Ideology in Fahrenheit 451: Pages 98-108
  • Literature and the Environment: Pages 109-123
  • Works Cited: Page 124

Introduction

  • The course explores the relationship between literature and society.
  • Literature reflects the cultural values, beliefs, and traditions of a society.
  • Literature acts as a tool for social change.

Intended Learning Outcomes

  • Develop understanding of how literature reflects and shapes society.
  • Analyze and interpret literary texts with cultural and historical awareness.
  • Consider issues of representation in literature, including gender, race, and class.
  • Assess the impact of literature on society and social movements.
  • Develop critical thinking skills for analyzing and evaluating literary works.
  • Foster understanding of different perspectives and experiences through literary texts.
  • Enhance written and oral communication skills via analysis and discussion of literary texts.
  • Explore connections between literature and film/art.
  • Engage in scholarly research and writing on literature and society.
  • Develop an appreciation for the power of language and storytelling.

Suggested References

  • Attridge, Derek. The Singularity of Literature. Routledge (2004)
  • Luhmann, Niklas. Art as a Social System. Stanford University Press (2000)
  • Rockwell, Joan. Fact in Fiction: The uses of Literature in the systematic study of Society. Routledge (1974)

Chapter 1: The Role of Literature in Society

  • (1-1) The Impact of Literature: Literature is symbiotic with society; it reflects human emotions, relationships, and cultural dynamics. Society influences literary production.
  • (1-2) Literature within the Context of its Time Period: Literature reflects historical events, cultural shifts, and prevailing ideologies.
  • (1-3) Exemplifications: Examples of how literature reflects and shapes society are given, including: Les Misérables, David Copperfield, and others, highlighting the power of literature to expose societal issues.

Chapter 2: Literature as a Tool for Social Commentary and Critique

  • (2-1) The Great Gatsby: Explores changes in American society post-World War I, showcasing societal shifts, the pursuit of the American Dream, moral decay, and issues of class, gender, and wealth.
  • (2-2) List of Characters: Introduces key characters from the novel The Great Gatsby.
  • (2-3) Synopsis and Analysis: A detailed summary and analysis of the novel's plot.
  • (2-4) Summary: A concise summary of the main events in the novel.
  • (2-5) Critical Review: An evaluation of the novel's style and literary technique.

Chapter 3: Power and Ideology in Fahrenheit 451

  • (3-1) Introduction: The novel explores the relationship between literature, societal power structures, and the dangers of censorship.
  • (3-2) Fahrenheit 451: A Dystopia: Describes the characteristics of a dystopian society, including oppressive authority, conformity, and restricted freedom.
  • (3-3) Why Fahrenheit 451 is Supremely Relevant to the Times We Live In: The connection between the story's issues and modern society is highlighted.

Chapter 4: Literature and the Environment

  • (4-1) Environmental Awareness: Literature's crucial role in advocating for environmental awareness, conservation, and sustainable practices.
  • (4-2) Children's Literature and the Environment: Discusses how children's literature can be used to convey environmental concerns.
  • (4-3) A Synopsis of The Lorax: A summary of the ecological themes in Dr. Seuss's The Lorax.
  • (4-4) A Critical Analysis of The Lorax: A critique of the story's themes through an eco-critical lens.

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Literature and Society Course - ENG712 - 2024 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about pioneers and concepts in discourse analysis. Explore the contributions of Zellig Harris, Van Dijk, and J.R. Firth to the understanding of discourse analysis and language usage in different contexts.

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