Written Discourse
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Questions and Answers

What does Discourse Analysis primarily focus on?

  • Single sentences in isolation
  • Grammar rules in detail
  • Stretches of authentic language produced in context (correct)
  • Vocabulary lists

    • Cohesive devices are used to improve the flow and connection between sentences and ideas.

    True (A)

    In what decades did Discourse Analysis evolve as a separate field of study?

    1960s and 1970s

    The study of _______ considers how language use varies between cultures.

    <p>Discourse Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cohesive devices with their categories:

    <p>Reference = Grammatical Cohesion Substitution = Grammatical Cohesion Repetition = Lexical Cohesion Consistency of Register = Lexical Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic that Discourse Analysis examines?

    <p>How context affects language interpretation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary focus of written genres is on the grammatical structures used.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of cohesive device discussed in the content.

    <p>Conjunctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reference occurs when a word refers back to something mentioned earlier in the text?

    <p>Anaphoric Reference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cohesive devices only refer to grammatical connections.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a cohesive device.

    <p>Pronouns, conjunctions, demonstrative adjectives, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One common device for avoiding repetition in discourse is ___.

    <p>substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of references with their descriptions:

    <p>Anaphoric = Refers forward to something mentioned later Cataphoric = Refers back to something previously mentioned Exophoric = Refers to something outside the discourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cohesive device?

    <p>Adverbial Phrasing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parallelism is a device used to create clarity through repetitive structures.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ellipsis in discourse?

    <p>Omission of words or phrases that are understood from context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Words like 'however' and 'therefore' are examples of ___.

    <p>conjunctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following examples with the type of cohesion they represent:

    <p>I live in a large flat. It has two bedrooms. = Grammatical Cohesion I like football and swimming. = Conjunction The film was incredibly boring. = Lexical Cohesion Are you ready? You had better be. = Parallelism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reference does the term 'she' represent when it refers to someone mentioned later?

    <p>Cataphoric Reference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cohesive devices serve the same function in discourse.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lexical chain?

    <p>A series of related words or phrases that contribute to the text's coherence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is a grammatical device that can shorten phrases by omitting words.

    <p>Ellipsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically placed at the end of a sentence for impact?

    <p>New information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overall topic of a text contributes to its coherence.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text about flooding suggests two threads of lexis: one about ______ and another about ______.

    <p>flooding; response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of writing with their descriptions:

    <p>Formal letter = Written with a specific format and official language Novel = Creative writing often featuring narrative and dialogue Report = Informative text presenting data and analysis Essay = Structured writing presenting an argument or analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schemata are the shared understanding between a writer and a reader.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define 'script' in the context of text comprehension.

    <p>A script is the expected order of events or actions in a text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overall coherence of a text relies on a unified ______.

    <p>topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a lexical chain found in the flooding article?

    <p>Water levels, river, rise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deviation from the expected script can improve text clarity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genre does a formal letter typically belong to?

    <p>Written discourse or professional communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sequencing of information in texts often follows a ______ order.

    <p>priority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following writing genres with their features:

    <p>Short story = Contains narrative and character development Academic paper = Uses formal language and structured argumentation Blog post = Often informal and can include personal opinions News article = Reports facts and current events succinctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using substitutes like 'the crowd' for 'the audience'?

    <p>To avoid repetition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repetition of key words is primarily used to create confusion in a text.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'consistency of register'?

    <p>Maintaining a uniform style or tone appropriate to the subject matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example 'They are rich. They are famous. They are young.', the structure used is _____ to reinforce the message.

    <p>parallelism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the category of cohesive device to its description:

    <p>Nominal Reference/Substitution = Referring back to something previously mentioned Pronominal Reference = Using pronouns to refer to nouns Conjunctions = Words that link phrases or sentences Ellipsis = Omitting parts of a sentence that are unnecessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of grammatical cohesion?

    <p>'She' in reference to 'the teacher' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lexical cohesion involves the use of grammatical structures alone.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coherence in a text?

    <p>The capacity of a text to make sense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The repeated use of a grammatical structure, like 'We will _____ taxes' several times can create _____ in a political context.

    <p>reduce, parallelism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cohesive device with its example:

    <p>Conjunction of addition = 'And' Ellipsis = 'Notice board' Anaphoric reference = 'This' referring back Cataphoric reference = 'One of the strengths'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs is an example of lexical sets?

    <p>Internet and web (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coherence depends solely on grammatical cohesion.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of theme and rheme in a text?

    <p>Theme is the topic and rheme is what is said about the topic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a structural repetition is 'We will _____' which reinforces _____ in an election context.

    <p>increase, promises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define lexical collocation.

    <p>A common pairing of words that are often used together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of a book or film review?

    <p>Detailed analysis of soundtrack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The style of a letter of application is typically informal.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does a discursive essay typically include?

    <p>Arguments for and against an issue, and a conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a narrative, the 'middle' often includes a problem and a _____ to the problem.

    <p>solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lexis is commonly used in advertisements?

    <p>Descriptive adjectives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is essential for a report to have a conclusion and recommendations.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a job application letter?

    <p>To apply for a job and provide personal background.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an essay, the _____ sentence introduces the main idea of a paragraph.

    <p>topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the genre with its key feature:

    <p>Narrative = Beginning, middle, and end Letter of application = Formal style and specific structure Discursive essay = Arguments for and against Report = Introduction, facts by topic, conclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the style in a film review?

    <p>Neutral and impersonal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Context plays a minor role in language use.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one cohesive device that might be used in a report.

    <p>Connecting words like 'however' or 'moreover'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ essay often requires factual presentation followed by the author’s opinion.

    <p>discursive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is crucial in the layout of a letter of application?

    <p>Address of sender and date (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of a text?

    <p>Presenting opinion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flowery language is commonly used in English for regulatory functions.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of discourse refers to leaving out unnecessary elements in a sentence?

    <p>Ellipsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In discourse analysis, '_____' refers to something not previously mentioned but is assumed knowledge by the speaker.

    <p>Exophoric reference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the variation of language use based on social context?

    <p>Register (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cataphoric reference refers backwards to a part of the text already mentioned.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define discourse markers.

    <p>Language items used to indicate a change in direction or to organize ideas in spoken language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The language chosen for specific functions in a text can lead to _____ utterances from learners.

    <p>non-standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match these terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Ellipsis = Omitting unnecessary elements in a sentence Genre = Conforming to expectations of content and style Register = Variation of language use based on context Anaphoric reference = Referring back to something already mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates a regulatory function?

    <p>Could you please pass me the salt? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A speaker making a joke is performing the 'interacting' function of a text.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sentence 'This is it!', the phrase 'it' is an example of _____ reference.

    <p>cataphoric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using discourse markers in spoken language?

    <p>To indicate a change of direction or organize ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of exophoric reference?

    <p>The Tube is down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Discourse Analysis

    • Discourse analysis evolved in the 1960s and 1970s, focusing on stretches of authentic language in context for real communication, unlike isolated sentences.
    • It now includes cultural and contextual variations in language use and how environment/situations affect language interpretation/production.
    • Discourse analysis studies whole texts (letters, conversations, reports) and the links between utterances/sentences in both spoken and written English.
    • It examines how we organize conversations/texts, order information, make texts cohesive (e.g., using pronouns), and interact via conversational cues (e.g., speaking turns).
    • It also considers how language varies according to speaker/writer, audience, and purpose.

    Cohesive Devices

    • Cohesive devices link parts of texts, enabling understanding of relationships within and outside the text.
    • Four main categories are:
      • Grammatical Cohesion (reference, substitution, ellipsis)
      • Conjunctions (linking words/phrases)
      • Lexical Cohesion (lexical sets/chains, repetition, register consistency)
      • Parallelism (repetition of form/rhyme, creating links)

    Grammatical Cohesion

    • Reference: Refers to something previously mentioned (anaphoric), about to be mentioned (cataphoric), or outside the dialogue (exophoric).
      • Anaphoric: "I live in a large flat in Istanbul. It has two bedrooms." ("It" refers to "flat")
      • Cataphoric: Uses "she" or "it" before naming the subject to build anticipation.
      • Exophoric: "The Queen is expected to give a speech today." (Assumes shared knowledge of which Queen)
    • Substitution: Avoiding repetition by replacing a word/phrase with another one (determiners, adverbs).
      • "I need a pen. Have you got one?" ("One" substitutes "pen")
    • Ellipsis: Shortening phrases by omitting unnecessary words.
      • "Would you like a cup of tea?" "Yes, I would." (Omits "like a cup of tea")

    Conjunctions

    • Linking words/phrases that show logical relationships between sentences/paragraphs.
    • Examples: "however," "firstly," "if," "for example."

    Lexical Cohesion

    • Lexical Sets/Chains: Using similar words to avoid repetition (partial synonyms).
    • Repetition: Repeating key words to emphasize points.
    • Consistency of Register: Maintaining a consistent level of formality/informality throughout a text.

    Parallelism

    • Repeating a grammatical or rhythmical pattern to create emphasis/create interest.
      • "They are rich. They are famous. They are young. They are Hollywood's new stars."

    Coherence

    • Coherence makes a text meaningful/makes sense.
    • It relies on shared context/expectations between writer and reader, including:
      • Relationships within/between sentences (additive, causal, contrastive, temporal).
      • Topic/comment structure (theme and rheme) (presenting new information).
      • Text organization (overall subject).
      • Schema and script (reader/writer shared background knowledge, expected sequence of events).

    Written Genres

    • Different genres have different characteristics (content, organization, style, grammar, lexis, layout).
    • Examples include film reviews, letters of application, discursive essays, and reports.
    • Key features vary based on genre (e.g., film reviews typically include plot descriptions, evaluations, and recommendations, letter of applications have a formal style) and should be understood to create effective written work.

    Context in Language

    • Language use is almost always contextualized.
    • Context is essential for understanding meaning and purpose in written/spoken texts.
    • Genre, style, register, function of the text affect the chosen language.
    • The five common text functions are: referring, expressing feelings, regulating, interacting, and playing.

    Terminology Review (Examples)

    • Anaphoric Reference: Referring back to something previously mentioned.
    • Ellipsis: Omitting parts of a sentence.
    • Discourse Markers: Words/phrases in spoken language that signal direction changes.
    • Register: The way language varies based on context.
    • Cataphoric Reference: Referring forward to something later in the text.
    • Genre: A category of text with specific features.
    • Exophoric Reference: Referring to something outside the text (shared knowledge).

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of discourse analysis, including its historical evolution and modern applications. This quiz covers aspects such as cohesive devices, organization of texts, and the impact of context on language interpretation. Test your understanding of both spoken and written English in various communicative contexts.

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