Disaster Nursing in the Philippines

• This text provides key information about disaster nursing

Philippine Disaster and Risk Profile

• The Philippines is susceptible to natural disasters due to its geographical location
• It sits on the "Pacific Ring of Fire", a tectonically active region
• The Philippines is among the most disaster-prone countries worldwide

Concept of Disaster

• The word "disaster" has Greek, Latin, Italian, and French roots, all indicating misfortune
• A disaster overwhelms local resources and necessitates external assistance
• Disasters involve widespread impacts and exceed the affected community's ability to cope
• The World Health Organization (WHO) defines disaster as any occurence that disrupts the community and require outside assistance
• The American Red Cross defines disaster as an occurence that the victim cannot alleviate

Features of a Disaster

• Disasters are often unpredictable and unfamiliar
• They occur with urgency, creating uncertainty and threat

When is an Event a Disaster?

• An event is considered a disaster if at least 20% of the population needs emergency assistance
• It is considered a disaster if at least 40% of livelihoods are destroyed
• Roads/bridges are impassable for a week, indicating a disaster
• Widespread destruction to fishponds, crops, and livestock, indicating a disaster
• Epidemics are considered a disaster

Vulnerability

• Vulnerability is susceptibility to the impacts of hazards
• It is determined by social, physical, economic, and environmental factors

Hazard

• A hazard is any phenomenon that can cause damage
• A disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard, threatening life and property
• An earthquake or flood becomes a disaster when infrastructure is poor

Disaster Risk

• Disaster risk results from hazard, vulnerability, and a lack of coping capacity

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

• DRR is reducing disaster risks through systematic analysis and management
• It aims to reduce damage from natural hazards through preventive measures
• It focuses on mitigation and preparedness, using administrative directives and organizations
• DRR aims to lessen the impact of hazards through prevention, mitigation, or transfer
• DRR includes mitigating exposure to hazards and lessening vulnerability
• It includes wise land and environmental management, and improved preparedness

Types of Disaster and Hazards

• Natural disasters are caused by forces of nature with limited human control
• Technological disasters are caused by human-made systems

Natural Hazard Types

• Geophysical hazards originate from the solid earth, like earthquakes and volcanic activity
• Meteorological hazards are caused by extreme weather conditions, like storms and blizzards
• Hydrological hazards involve surface and subsurface freshwater and saltwater distribution
• Climatological hazards are caused by long-lived atmospheric processes, like drought
• Biological hazards are caused by living organisms and their toxins, like epidemics
• A cyclone is a closed, circular fluid motion driven by low pressure
• An earthquake results from the release of energy in Earth's crust, creating seismic waves
• A tornado is a violently rotating column of air touching both the ground and a cumulonimbus cloud
• A volcanic eruption is when hot magma escapes from below the earth's surface
• A tsunami is a harbor wave caused by water displacement.

Other Disasters

• Floods occur when water overflows
• Wildfires are uncontrolled fires in the countryside
• Droughts are prolonged periods of water shortage
• Avalanches are sudden drops of snow
• Landslides involve movement in the ground
• Firenados are columns of smoke caused by fire
• Limnic eruptions, or lake overturn, are caused by sudden gas release

Man-Made Hazards & Disasters

• Man-made hazards result from human intent and negligence
• Terrorism involves unlawful force to intimidate or coerce
• Technological disasters include radiological spills, hazardous waste, and chemical spills
• Other technological disasters include oil spills, chemical waste, and fire
• Transitional human shelter disasters are rapid, post-disaster shelters

Environmental disasters

• Enviromental disasters include soil, groundwater, air pollution affecting food crops and livestock

Nuclear explosions

• Nuclear explosions are catastrophic man-made disaters causing large fatalities

Biological disasters

• Biological disaster are easy to manufacture and transport and can kill thousands of peole

Chain Accidents

• Theses accidents involve a large number of people that become a disaster automatically

Epidemic

• Epidemics occur when a disease affects a large number of people
• Pandemics are epidemics that spread worldwide

Climate Change and Global Warming

• Natural Global Warming can be caused by the earths orbit or sun's intensity
• Circulation of the ocean and atmosphere can cause global warming by changing heat distribution that can affect weather patterns
• Volcanic activity can reduce sunlight, which causes decrease in carbon dioxide, this contributes to global warming and increases intensity of eruptions
• Gradual increase in earth's temperature in atmosphere a oceans

Greenhouse Gases

• The greenhouse gases absorbs heat and cause the earth to warm
• increased greenhouse emissions includes burning fossil fuels deforestation and intensive farming practices
• Growing consumption effects both developed and developing contries
• Increasing fertility levels increases the use in land energy intensity, energy use and carbon emissions
• Global warming increases the intenstity in frequence of some extreme weather

Climate Change in the Philippines

• Climate Change increases the number of tropical cyclones and storms

Reducing Global Warming

• Recycle and reuse materials from the environment
• Reduce the use of heat or air-conditioning
• Drive less and use efficiently energy consumption
• The more people and more wealth there are then the more impact natural hazards have

Assessing Hazards and Risks

• Natural hazards and risks are based on scientific point of views but also socio-economic impact of hazardous events

Disaster Assessment

• Disaster assessment is when a statement of probability suggests a harmful event with cause damage

Natural Hazards vs Disasters

• Natural hazards becomes disasters when significant damage caused to people property and environmet at wide scale that requires outside aid

Natural Hazards vs Disasters - Vulnerability factors

• Vulnerability factors include wealth education, health, age and gender and governments
• Locations of buildings and any other areas that are close to damage from the event
• Hazards includes natural events that threats a property or a life

Prediction and Early Warning

• Prediction: statement of probability that event may occur based on scientific observation and technology
• Warning depends on timeliness, effective communication, and public information systems

Effects of Hazards

• Hazards results in primary and secondary effects that are caused by the process itself (i.e. water damage)

Human Impact of Natural Disasters

• Impact consists food security, health risks, and emotional aftershocks
• Emotional Aftershocks results in stress in many situations and can cause emotional situations
• Displaced population as the location of the disaster can be ruined
• Sever flooding can be a health risk that causes water from the flood to breed in the area

Trends and Patterns of Disasters

• There is 3 phases of a disaster (pre-impact phase, impact phase, post-impace phase)

Disaster- Social Support

• Social Support helps to assist in areas relating to practical things, to ensure that the victim is being understood or has sharing of trauma experience to help cope with the impact

Disaster-Hopes

• Hopes relates to belief in God and optimism that relates to actions towards recovery in community and relief

Social Support of survivor

• The survivior and the belief that they can cope with the disaster in what comes ahead

Phases of Disaster

• The Phases includes pre impact where it happens initailly and the impact which can occur, and finally ending post-impact

International council of nurses

• International council of nurses helps the assistance to shelters and to help the emergency and stations

4 stages of emotional response:

• The 4 respones are denial and strong emotions

Goal of Disaster Nursing:

• The Goals helps the immediate basic survival, recognize needs and health needs of disaster victims

Principles of Disaster Nursing

• Principles of disaster nursing need to be aware of the situation of the nurses that are giving care

Disaster nursing Levels

• Level III Nurses are those who can respond to a wide range of disasters

Disaster nursing- International Council of Nurses

• The disaster that requires clinical competency to practice safely and effectively

Disaster-Risk and Reduction Management

• The Risk helps to reduce the overwhelming damage and the management helps plans and integrate

What is Disaster Management:

• Disaster Management help communities to sustain safety
• Use of all sources that help the community
• The 3 major disaster are; earthquakes lighting sparks from rockfalls

8 common fire hazards

• The hazards are lightning and christmas tree and cooking

Things You Can Do to Prepare for a Home Fire

• Test and install smoke alarms and also teach what smoke alarms sounds like to everyone to prepare for a home fire

Never fight a Fire

• Never fight a fire if you don't know what the situation is like to better avoid danger or any type of risk

Type and use of fire Extinguishers

• To extinguish any type of fire that is required to put out
• Do not use water to put out electrical fires and only do electrical fires if the emergency is under control

3 Major Natural Causes of Wildfires

• Volcanic Eruption Spontaneous combustion lightning

Causes of Wildfire

• Fire needs all 3 components and needs to controlled to make them be present in order
• Fire safety actions include smoke detectors and to have extinguisher

Action During Earthquake

• Remember DRop Cover and Hold in cases of disaster such as earthqukes

Precaution for earthquakes:

• Is even more essential. Knowing how to be and to and how to do after the event is the most important safe actions to take and for staying as safe

Volcano Preparedness

• Earthquake, or eruption stay away from affected areas. Try to seek areas of guidance

During a Volcano eruption is happening:

• Use radio when possible to notify any damage as contact is extremely important to stay updated and to know the path to safety

Know Signs and indicators of a Earthquake:

• Some of these Signs are cloud forms and wind currents to try to seek shelter

Flood preparedness

• Do not go out until the officers advice you to, use recommend and and to seek area as power may be out or even damaged as well.

Cause of floods in urban/rural areas

• Intense rain due to extreme weather or even weather storms

Before and during the extreme danger:

• Stay at home and remain calm if a violent emergency such as a storms happens

Mobilization:

• Access to transpotaton access during any disaster or emergency

Knowledge:

• Access that the area needs to be identified and to access the knowledge as well from the area that has been destroyed

Adaptability:

• Helping provide alternate area when families are not easily adept together.

Earth risk hazard - HRVA:

• Assesses the damage during disasters , helps assist communities , and assessment the capabitlites

Personal and Household Readiness:

• Create emergency plan and also stay up to date with all new weather
• Ensure a well-maintained first aid kit

Emergency Communication Plan; Contact Info:

• Collect or have the proper information to make calls in the case of emergencies and to share knowledge
• Practionse meeting with households to ensure the knowledge has been transferred

Personal and Home Disaster Survival

• First aid, water, supply, cooking, or how to sew, and also to find mindsets

Disstress signal:

• A call to help someone get through the disstress of the disaster. sos signals

Emergency:

• Last resort that has delays with cost, to help reach and alert other means that may fail because of lack of signals - Impact:
• Helps minimize and helps rapid treatment

Triage

• To classify and helps casualty on what to do with each cases.
• Triage is about make tough decisions under pressure to maximize survival.