Questions and Answers
What are the broad categories of disasters?
Define health disaster.
A catastrophic event that overwhelms healthcare resources in a community.
A natural disaster is caused by ______ forces.
natural
Humans are the primary cause of natural disasters.
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Which of the following is a category of human-generated disasters?
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What are the three major phases of the disaster continuum?
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Match the following types of disaster with their examples:
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Nurses have no role in disaster planning.
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What is the primary aim of a disaster plan?
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What is a catastrophic event that results in casualties that overwhelm the healthcare resources in that community?
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What is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society at any scale due to hazardous events?
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Which of the following is not a category in determining disasters?
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What is a potential threat to humans and their welfare?
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What is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and implementing strategies to reduce the probability of a hazard event?
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What is the Government of the Philippines' 'multi-hazard' response plan?
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What is used to determine which events are most likely to affect a community?
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What is the leading agency for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation?
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What is the lead agency of Response?
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What is a purposeful exchange of information about health risks between policymakers, health care providers, and the media?
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What are the five phases of disaster management?
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What are common psychological reactions to bioterrorism?
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What factors affect expressions of stress and bereavement?
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What is an act of human malice intended to injure and kill civilians and is associated with a higher rate of psychiatric morbidity than are 'Acts of God'?
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Who are considered to be more vulnerable and therefore require special consideration in disaster planning and response?
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Who belongs to the special needs population?
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What could be an explanation for a disaster survivor having trouble sleeping at night days after the disaster?
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Which of the following may facilitate the process of mourning for the bereaved?
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This refers to the examination of what it means to live a moral life.
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These are the rules and regulations under which nurses must carry out their professional duties.
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It encompasses the norms people adopt to direct right and wrong conduct.
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This is usually considered to be the restriction of the activities of a healthy person who has been exposed to a communicable disease.
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A nurse told the physician about the patient’s infidelity to his wife. The nurse violated the patient’s:
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What are the primary legal obligations for nurses in disaster response?
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Which of the following are considered ethical obligations for nurses? (Select all that apply)
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Mandatory vaccination laws allow states to require individuals to receive vaccinations even if they refuse.
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What is the main difference between privacy and confidentiality in healthcare?
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What actions might threaten a nurse's ethical obligations during a disaster? (Select all that apply)
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The legal obligation to report infectious diseases is enforced by _______ laws.
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What is triage?
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Which of the following scenarios raise ethical concerns for nurses during a health crisis? (Select all that apply)
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Good Samaritan laws provide immunity to nurses acting in emergencies.
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Study Notes
Disaster Preparedness: Essentials of Disaster Planning
- Disaster Definition: A serious disruption of community functioning due to hazardous events, causing human, material, economic, and environmental losses (UNISDR, 2017).
- Disaster Nursing: Involves adapting nursing skills to meet physical and emotional needs during disasters with limited resources.
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Core Nursing Roles in Disasters:
- Determine event magnitude.
- Define health needs.
- Establish priorities and objectives.
- Identify potential public health issues.
- Collaborate with various agencies.
Types of Disasters
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Major Categories:
- Natural Disasters: Caused by environmental forces (e.g., earthquakes, floods, hurricanes).
- Man-made Disasters: Result from human actions (e.g., terrorism, chemical spills, armed conflict).
- Human-Generated Disasters: Include complex emergencies, technological disasters, and events occurring in human settlements.
Disaster Classification
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Onset, Impact, Duration:
- Rapid-onset events (e.g., earthquakes) and slow-onset events (e.g., droughts).
- Factors affecting impact: event nature, population characteristics, resource availability.
Health Disaster Effects
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Impacts on Community Health:
- Increased casualties overwhelming healthcare.
- Destruction of healthcare infrastructure.
- Environmental hazards raising disease risks.
- Psychological effects on populations, especially children.
Disaster Management Phases
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Phases of Disaster Continuum:
- Preimpact: Planning and preparation.
- Impact: Immediate response and relief.
- Postimpact: Recovery and evaluation.
Disaster Planning Components
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Essential Planning Steps:
- Identification of hazards and vulnerabilities.
- Risk assessment calculating probability of outcomes.
- Development of comprehensive disaster or emergency operations plans.
Nursing Involvement in Disaster Planning
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Key Precautions for Nurses:
- Maintain personal safety and clinical competence.
- Stay informed about community disaster plans.
- Participate in mock disaster drills.
Challenges in Disaster Response
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Common Issues:
- Communication breakdowns.
- Resource management difficulties.
- Need for effective triage and patient tracking.
Core Preparedness Activities
- Conduct community needs assessments.
- Identify leadership and establish command centers.
- Prepare for early damage assessments.
Evaluation of Disaster Plans
- Importance of evaluating effectiveness and preparedness of plans post-disaster, including functionality of resources needed for response.
Summary
- Comprehensive disaster management combines preparedness, response, and recovery planning to minimize impacts on community health and ensure effective nursing care in crisis situations. Nurses play a critical role in all phases of disaster management to safeguard their communities.### Disaster Definitions and Concepts
- A disaster overwhelms healthcare resources, leading to sudden increases in patients and changes in care standards.
- Health disaster specifically refers to health-related emergencies affecting community welfare.
- Natural disasters result from environmental phenomena, while man-made disasters stem from human activities.
- Pandemics are widespread health crises caused by infectious diseases.
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
- DRRM is a systematic process aimed at reducing disaster risk through administrative decisions, operational skills, and community resilience.
- Emphasizes that disaster risk is endemic and can be mitigated by state actions.
- Structured network includes:
- National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)
- Regional, Provincial, City, Municipal, and Barangay Disaster Councils.
National Disaster Response Plan (NDRP)
- NDRP is a multi-hazard response plan as per the Philippine government.
- Outlines emergency management phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
- All agencies must develop their own Disaster Preparedness Plans, particularly for terrorism-related incidents.
- Local Governments prepare Contingency Plans and implement Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plans (LDRRMPs).
Incident Management System (IMS)
- IMS is a standardized approach to managing incidents across various hazards.
- Comprises facilities like:
- Incident Command Post (ICP)
- Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
- Emergency Coordination Center (ECC)
- Uses a modular and scalable organization to adapt to incident demands and maintain accountability.
Emergency Response Management Systems Principles
- Based on an all-hazards approach with clearly defined roles and procedures.
- Provides support for multiple institutions, ensuring integration and clear communication.
- Focus on public safety in operations, logistics, and administrative functions during emergencies.
Core Functions of Incident Management System
- Incident Management: Overall coordination of emergency response.
- Operations: Implement strategies to achieve response objectives.
- Planning: Develop action plans and processes for incident management.
- Logistics: Provide necessary support in resources and communications.
- Administration and Finance: Track expenditures and ensure regulatory compliance.
Communication Challenges in Emergency Management
- Lack of organizational structure and identifiable leaders can hinder efficient response.
- Absence of common terminology and unified communication systems complicates coordination.
- Inadequate planning and resource allocation can degrade response effectiveness.
Role of Health Emergency Manager
- Protect response personnel and minimize loss of life.
- Safeguard public health and civil infrastructure.
- Aim to reduce economic and environmental impacts from disasters.
Risk Communication
- Defined as the exchange of information regarding health risks between policymakers, providers, and the public.
- Essential for changing behavior to minimize risks and encourage proactive measures against health threats.### Risk Communication Activities
- A holistic approach engages stakeholders in understanding risk, acceptable levels, and necessary reduction actions.
- Pre-crisis activities include developing communication plans, fostering alliances, and formative evaluations.
- During a crisis, activities shift to implementation, process evaluation, and active networking for advocacy.
- Post-crisis activities focus on evaluating impacts, documenting lessons learned, and revising existing plans.
Nurses’ Responsibilities in Risk Communication
- Verify and identify credible sources of information for effective communication.
- Safeguard patient privacy and confidentiality while advocating for public awareness.
- Navigate the institutional chain of command to disseminate crucial information accurately.
- Support and relay official statements regarding public health risks and safety.
Understanding Disaster Preparedness
- Disasters create intense stress, altering lives and causing psychological repercussions.
- Common mental health effects include anxiety, PTSD, depression, and dysfunctional family dynamics.
- Factors influencing disaster impact include the nature of disaster, personal injury, loss of loved ones, property loss, and financial instability.
Bioterrorism and Psychological Reactions
- Bioterrorism is a malicious act aimed at harming civilians, often resulting in higher psychiatric morbidity compared to natural disasters.
- Common psychological reactions to bioterrorism include fear of contagion, paranoia, anger towards authorities, and loss of faith in institutions.
- Recommended interventions include providing factual information, clarifying individual risk, and promoting vigilance.
Normal Reactions to Abnormal Events
- Stress responses vary by individual, influenced by age, gender, ethnicity, and previous trauma.
- Secondary exposure can evoke stress reactions even in those not directly involved in the disaster.
- Survivors experiencing distress should be reassured that their feelings are normal under significant stress.
Common Reactions of Disaster Survivors
- Emotional: Shock, fear, grief, anger, guilt, helplessness.
- Cognitive: Confusion, worry, indecisiveness, short attention span.
- Interpersonal: Distrust, conflict, withdrawal, irritability, loss of intimacy.
- Physical: Tension, fatigue, insomnia, nausea, changes in appetite.
Populations Requiring Special Consideration
- Children and Youth: May experience distress due to economic hardship and parental mental health issues.
- Older Adults: Vulnerable to loss and less likely to seek help; face medical challenges.
- Seriously Mentally Ill: Previous psychological issues can exacerbate in post-disaster contexts.
- Cultural and Ethnic Groups: Mental health interventions must address the specific cultural needs of survivors.
- Disaster Relief Personnel: Emergency responders are also susceptible to the psychosocial impacts of disasters.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different categories of disasters, both natural and human-generated. Explore the definitions and phases involved in disaster management. This quiz will help you understand the complexities of health disasters and the disaster continuum.
