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Questions and Answers
What factors can be used to segment dissimilar consumer groups?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the aggregate demand function V = D(A, S)?
What is a characteristic of disutility in the context of travel?
Which model is part of the four-step urban transportation model system?
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What is meant by travel being a 'derived demand'?
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What does the term 'network assignment' refer to in the context of urban transportation modeling?
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Which statement does NOT represent an implication of travel behaviors?
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In the context of aggregate models, what does the variable 'S' represent?
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What is a method to reduce travel costs mentioned in the content?
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What is the 'activity-based approach' to modeling travel demand focused on?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason why travel might be intrinsically desirable?
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What type of policies are intended to reduce travel demand by changing costs?
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Which action is associated with supply-oriented policies?
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Why might individuals value travel despite economic assessments?
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What is one way to reduce travel by bringing activities closer together?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of using ICT to conduct activities remotely?
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What primarily defines home-based trips?
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What are trip productions in the context of trip generation analysis?
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Which type of trip analysis focuses on the destinations of trips?
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What distinguishes non-home based trips from home-based trips?
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Which characteristic is typically tied to socio-economic factors affecting trip demand?
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What is the primary function of trip generation analysis?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that affects demand?
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What best describes an institutional household?
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What is the primary purpose of disaggregating data?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of how data can be disaggregated?
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What characteristic distinguishes disaggregate models from aggregate models?
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Which of the following best describes discrete choice models?
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What is a necessary requirement for a choice set in a discrete choice model?
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Which model is recognized as the most prominent in disaggregate travel demand models?
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How do discrete choice models primarily address the question of selection among alternatives?
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What is a feature commonly associated with aggregate data that is not present in disaggregated data?
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Which factor is NOT typically considered a demographic factor influencing travel demand?
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What is the first step in the four-step urban transport model?
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Which of the following factors does NOT directly contribute to the aggregation of demand in urban transportation planning?
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Which of the following is likely to affect travel demand over time?
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What is the primary goal of the urban transportation demand modeling process?
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What characterizes the modal split step in the four-step urban transport model?
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Which of the following is a factor that affects travel demand due to economic reasons?
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Which aspect is least likely to be a focus in urban transportation planning?
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Study Notes
Disaggregated Data
- Disaggregated data is derived from aggregated data.
- It is broken down into smaller units to reveal specific issues or trends.
- Helps to identify vulnerable populations or hidden trends.
- Establishes the scope of a problem and makes vulnerable groups visible to policymakers.
- Informs policy and service development by providing deeper insights.
- Disaggregation can focus on gender, urban-rural location, income, socio-cultural or ethnic background, language, geographical location, political-administrative units, or age groups.
Disaggregate Models
- Explains the travel behavior of individuals or households directly.
- Data is used at the disaggregated level, rather than averaging into large aggregates.
Discrete Choice Models
- Describes, explains, and predicts choices between two or more discrete or finite set of alternatives.
- Used in situations with countable outcomes.
- Asks the question “which one amongst the available options should be chosen?”
Logit Model
- Most prominent methodology used in disaggregate travel demand models.
- Assumes each individual makes selections from among a set of alternatives.
- Assumes individuals assign a utility value to each alternative in their choice set.
Choice Set
- Represents the set of alternatives available to an individual.
- Must meet three requirements:
- Collectively exhaustive: all possible alternatives are included
- Mutually exclusive: alternatives are distinct from each other
- Measurable: each alternative can be assigned a quantitative value.
Aggregate Groups
- Consumers are grouped based on similarity in preferences and characteristics.
- Segmentation can be made using geographical zones based on:
- Income
- Automobile availability
- Household size
- Occupation of family head
- Trip purpose
Forms of Aggregate Demand Models
- Take the form V = D(A, S):
- V: vector of volumes or numbers of consumers making particular choices
- A: Social, economic, and other characteristics of the activity system
- S: Service attributes that characterize transportation choices
Examples of Aggregate Demand Functions
- Gravity models
- Intercity mode choice models
- Four-step urban transportation model system:
- Trip generation (Travel frequency)
- Trip distribution (Where trips go)
- Modal split (share amongst nodes)
- Network assignment (allotment to routes in the network)
Policies to Control Movements in a System
- Aim to affect behavior, whether supply-oriented or demand-oriented.
Supply-Oriented Policies
- Expand physical infrastructure
- Effectively manage existing supply (TSM)
- Increase supply or reduce costs for underserved populations using non-auto modes
Demand-Oriented Policies
- Generally intended to reduce demand by changing cost.
- Increase cost through congestion levies, fuel taxes, parking levies, or other measures.
- Bring activities closer together.
- Use of ICT to remote conduct activities (telecommuting, e-conferencing, etc.)
Factors Affecting Travel Demand
- Demographic and social factors:
- Population
- Household composition
- Age
- Cultural aspects
- Gender
- Economic factors:
- Employment
- Income
- Vehicle ownership
- Land use patterns
Urban Transportation Planning (UTP)
- Understands the factors influencing urban travel demand.
- Develops relationships between these factors and travel demand.
- Uses these relationships to predict future travel demand and transport infrastructure needs.
Four-Step Urban Transport Model
- Predicts urban flows through four steps:
- Trip generation: trips made by a market segment for each zone
- Trip distribution: trips originating at each zone are distributed among destinations
- Modal split: trips from a particular zone to a destination are split among modes
- Network assignment: trips are assigned to paths within the modelled network
Aggregation of Demand
- Consumers are aggregated into zones based on:
- Average income per household
- Average automobile ownership per house
- Household size
- Occupation of breadwinner
- Family composition
- Geographic location
- Trip purpose
- Output is generally the number of trips produced and attracted by a given spatial unit.
Trip Generation
- Relates the intensity of trip making to and from each traffic zone to land use.
- Two types of analysis:
- Trip production: origin of trips
- Trip attraction: destination of trips
Home and Non-Home Based Trips
- Home-based trips have one end at a household.
- Non-home based trips do not have either end at a household.
Productions and Attractions
- Productions: origins of non-home based trips or home ends of home based trips
- Attractions: destinations of non-home based trips or non-home ends of home based trips
Household
- A group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen.
Institutional Household
- A group of unrelated persons who live in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen.
- Examples: hostels, rescue homes, orphanages, jails, hotels etc.
Characteristics Affecting Demand
| Characteristic | Examples |
|---|---|
| Socio-economic | Income, education, occupation, living conditions, etc. |
| Demographic | Population, gender, income level, marital status, ethnic origin, education level, etc. |
| Land use | Residential, commercial, government, institutional, recreation, green space, mixed, etc. |
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of disaggregated data and discrete choice models. It highlights how breaking down data provides insights for policymakers and how discrete choice models predict decision-making. Test your understanding of these critical data analysis techniques.
