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Questions and Answers
What factors can be used to segment dissimilar consumer groups?
What factors can be used to segment dissimilar consumer groups?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the aggregate demand function V = D(A, S)?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the aggregate demand function V = D(A, S)?
What is a characteristic of disutility in the context of travel?
What is a characteristic of disutility in the context of travel?
Which model is part of the four-step urban transportation model system?
Which model is part of the four-step urban transportation model system?
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What is meant by travel being a 'derived demand'?
What is meant by travel being a 'derived demand'?
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What does the term 'network assignment' refer to in the context of urban transportation modeling?
What does the term 'network assignment' refer to in the context of urban transportation modeling?
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Which statement does NOT represent an implication of travel behaviors?
Which statement does NOT represent an implication of travel behaviors?
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In the context of aggregate models, what does the variable 'S' represent?
In the context of aggregate models, what does the variable 'S' represent?
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What is a method to reduce travel costs mentioned in the content?
What is a method to reduce travel costs mentioned in the content?
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What is the 'activity-based approach' to modeling travel demand focused on?
What is the 'activity-based approach' to modeling travel demand focused on?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason why travel might be intrinsically desirable?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason why travel might be intrinsically desirable?
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What type of policies are intended to reduce travel demand by changing costs?
What type of policies are intended to reduce travel demand by changing costs?
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Which action is associated with supply-oriented policies?
Which action is associated with supply-oriented policies?
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Why might individuals value travel despite economic assessments?
Why might individuals value travel despite economic assessments?
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What is one way to reduce travel by bringing activities closer together?
What is one way to reduce travel by bringing activities closer together?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of using ICT to conduct activities remotely?
Which of the following is NOT an example of using ICT to conduct activities remotely?
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What primarily defines home-based trips?
What primarily defines home-based trips?
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What are trip productions in the context of trip generation analysis?
What are trip productions in the context of trip generation analysis?
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Which type of trip analysis focuses on the destinations of trips?
Which type of trip analysis focuses on the destinations of trips?
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What distinguishes non-home based trips from home-based trips?
What distinguishes non-home based trips from home-based trips?
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Which characteristic is typically tied to socio-economic factors affecting trip demand?
Which characteristic is typically tied to socio-economic factors affecting trip demand?
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What is the primary function of trip generation analysis?
What is the primary function of trip generation analysis?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that affects demand?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that affects demand?
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What best describes an institutional household?
What best describes an institutional household?
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What is the primary purpose of disaggregating data?
What is the primary purpose of disaggregating data?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of how data can be disaggregated?
Which of the following is NOT an example of how data can be disaggregated?
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What characteristic distinguishes disaggregate models from aggregate models?
What characteristic distinguishes disaggregate models from aggregate models?
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Which of the following best describes discrete choice models?
Which of the following best describes discrete choice models?
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What is a necessary requirement for a choice set in a discrete choice model?
What is a necessary requirement for a choice set in a discrete choice model?
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Which model is recognized as the most prominent in disaggregate travel demand models?
Which model is recognized as the most prominent in disaggregate travel demand models?
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How do discrete choice models primarily address the question of selection among alternatives?
How do discrete choice models primarily address the question of selection among alternatives?
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What is a feature commonly associated with aggregate data that is not present in disaggregated data?
What is a feature commonly associated with aggregate data that is not present in disaggregated data?
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Which factor is NOT typically considered a demographic factor influencing travel demand?
Which factor is NOT typically considered a demographic factor influencing travel demand?
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What is the first step in the four-step urban transport model?
What is the first step in the four-step urban transport model?
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Which of the following factors does NOT directly contribute to the aggregation of demand in urban transportation planning?
Which of the following factors does NOT directly contribute to the aggregation of demand in urban transportation planning?
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Which of the following is likely to affect travel demand over time?
Which of the following is likely to affect travel demand over time?
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What is the primary goal of the urban transportation demand modeling process?
What is the primary goal of the urban transportation demand modeling process?
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What characterizes the modal split step in the four-step urban transport model?
What characterizes the modal split step in the four-step urban transport model?
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Which of the following is a factor that affects travel demand due to economic reasons?
Which of the following is a factor that affects travel demand due to economic reasons?
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Which aspect is least likely to be a focus in urban transportation planning?
Which aspect is least likely to be a focus in urban transportation planning?
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Study Notes
Disaggregated Data
- Disaggregated data is derived from aggregated data.
- It is broken down into smaller units to reveal specific issues or trends.
- Helps to identify vulnerable populations or hidden trends.
- Establishes the scope of a problem and makes vulnerable groups visible to policymakers.
- Informs policy and service development by providing deeper insights.
- Disaggregation can focus on gender, urban-rural location, income, socio-cultural or ethnic background, language, geographical location, political-administrative units, or age groups.
Disaggregate Models
- Explains the travel behavior of individuals or households directly.
- Data is used at the disaggregated level, rather than averaging into large aggregates.
Discrete Choice Models
- Describes, explains, and predicts choices between two or more discrete or finite set of alternatives.
- Used in situations with countable outcomes.
- Asks the question “which one amongst the available options should be chosen?”
Logit Model
- Most prominent methodology used in disaggregate travel demand models.
- Assumes each individual makes selections from among a set of alternatives.
- Assumes individuals assign a utility value to each alternative in their choice set.
Choice Set
- Represents the set of alternatives available to an individual.
- Must meet three requirements:
- Collectively exhaustive: all possible alternatives are included
- Mutually exclusive: alternatives are distinct from each other
- Measurable: each alternative can be assigned a quantitative value.
Aggregate Groups
- Consumers are grouped based on similarity in preferences and characteristics.
- Segmentation can be made using geographical zones based on:
- Income
- Automobile availability
- Household size
- Occupation of family head
- Trip purpose
Forms of Aggregate Demand Models
- Take the form V = D(A, S):
- V: vector of volumes or numbers of consumers making particular choices
- A: Social, economic, and other characteristics of the activity system
- S: Service attributes that characterize transportation choices
Examples of Aggregate Demand Functions
- Gravity models
- Intercity mode choice models
- Four-step urban transportation model system:
- Trip generation (Travel frequency)
- Trip distribution (Where trips go)
- Modal split (share amongst nodes)
- Network assignment (allotment to routes in the network)
Policies to Control Movements in a System
- Aim to affect behavior, whether supply-oriented or demand-oriented.
Supply-Oriented Policies
- Expand physical infrastructure
- Effectively manage existing supply (TSM)
- Increase supply or reduce costs for underserved populations using non-auto modes
Demand-Oriented Policies
- Generally intended to reduce demand by changing cost.
- Increase cost through congestion levies, fuel taxes, parking levies, or other measures.
- Bring activities closer together.
- Use of ICT to remote conduct activities (telecommuting, e-conferencing, etc.)
Factors Affecting Travel Demand
- Demographic and social factors:
- Population
- Household composition
- Age
- Cultural aspects
- Gender
- Economic factors:
- Employment
- Income
- Vehicle ownership
- Land use patterns
Urban Transportation Planning (UTP)
- Understands the factors influencing urban travel demand.
- Develops relationships between these factors and travel demand.
- Uses these relationships to predict future travel demand and transport infrastructure needs.
Four-Step Urban Transport Model
- Predicts urban flows through four steps:
- Trip generation: trips made by a market segment for each zone
- Trip distribution: trips originating at each zone are distributed among destinations
- Modal split: trips from a particular zone to a destination are split among modes
- Network assignment: trips are assigned to paths within the modelled network
Aggregation of Demand
- Consumers are aggregated into zones based on:
- Average income per household
- Average automobile ownership per house
- Household size
- Occupation of breadwinner
- Family composition
- Geographic location
- Trip purpose
- Output is generally the number of trips produced and attracted by a given spatial unit.
Trip Generation
- Relates the intensity of trip making to and from each traffic zone to land use.
- Two types of analysis:
- Trip production: origin of trips
- Trip attraction: destination of trips
Home and Non-Home Based Trips
- Home-based trips have one end at a household.
- Non-home based trips do not have either end at a household.
Productions and Attractions
- Productions: origins of non-home based trips or home ends of home based trips
- Attractions: destinations of non-home based trips or non-home ends of home based trips
Household
- A group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen.
Institutional Household
- A group of unrelated persons who live in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen.
- Examples: hostels, rescue homes, orphanages, jails, hotels etc.
Characteristics Affecting Demand
| Characteristic | Examples |
|---|---|
| Socio-economic | Income, education, occupation, living conditions, etc. |
| Demographic | Population, gender, income level, marital status, ethnic origin, education level, etc. |
| Land use | Residential, commercial, government, institutional, recreation, green space, mixed, etc. |
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of disaggregated data and discrete choice models. It highlights how breaking down data provides insights for policymakers and how discrete choice models predict decision-making. Test your understanding of these critical data analysis techniques.
