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Questions and Answers
What is a common musculoskeletal impairment managed with therapeutic exercise?
What is a common musculoskeletal impairment managed with therapeutic exercise?
Which of the following is NOT a type of functional limitation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of functional limitation?
Which of the following is classified under the neuromuscular impairments?
Which of the following is classified under the neuromuscular impairments?
What can cause limited range of motion in joints?
What can cause limited range of motion in joints?
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What characterizes functional limitations?
What characterizes functional limitations?
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Which among the following is a symptom of cardiovascular/pulmonary impairment?
Which among the following is a symptom of cardiovascular/pulmonary impairment?
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Abnormal muscle tone is associated with which type of impairment?
Abnormal muscle tone is associated with which type of impairment?
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Which of the following is an example of an instrumental activity of daily living (IADL)?
Which of the following is an example of an instrumental activity of daily living (IADL)?
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What does the term 'disablement' primarily relate to?
What does the term 'disablement' primarily relate to?
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Which component of the disablement process refers to the disruption of homeostasis due to health conditions?
Which component of the disablement process refers to the disruption of homeostasis due to health conditions?
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Impairments can best be described as:
Impairments can best be described as:
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Which type of impairment is NOT typically considered under the categories provided?
Which type of impairment is NOT typically considered under the categories provided?
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What is the relationship between social, emotional, and cognitive disablement and physical function?
What is the relationship between social, emotional, and cognitive disablement and physical function?
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Societal limitations in the disablement process are most closely associated with which of the following?
Societal limitations in the disablement process are most closely associated with which of the following?
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What do functional limitations refer to in the context of disablement?
What do functional limitations refer to in the context of disablement?
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Which term relates to the abnormal findings indicative of disruptions in body structure or function?
Which term relates to the abnormal findings indicative of disruptions in body structure or function?
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What is the primary role of coordination in physical therapy intervention?
What is the primary role of coordination in physical therapy intervention?
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Which of the following best describes procedural interventions?
Which of the following best describes procedural interventions?
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What is a crucial aspect of patient management that involves written and verbal communication?
What is a crucial aspect of patient management that involves written and verbal communication?
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What had been the traditional focus of therapeutic exercise programs in physical therapy?
What had been the traditional focus of therapeutic exercise programs in physical therapy?
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What is the first step in the evidence-based practice process?
What is the first step in the evidence-based practice process?
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Why is it no longer valid to assume that resolving impairments will automatically lead to improved functional abilities?
Why is it no longer valid to assume that resolving impairments will automatically lead to improved functional abilities?
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What type of exercises should be implemented to improve health-related quality of life?
What type of exercises should be implemented to improve health-related quality of life?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the patient management process?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the patient management process?
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What is a critical step after integrating evidence with clinical expertise?
What is a critical step after integrating evidence with clinical expertise?
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Which professional responsibility is NOT part of the coordination aspect of patient management?
Which professional responsibility is NOT part of the coordination aspect of patient management?
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Which of the following can be considered a procedural intervention?
Which of the following can be considered a procedural intervention?
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Why is the assessment of outcomes important in the patient management process?
Why is the assessment of outcomes important in the patient management process?
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What role does the clinician's expertise play in evidence-based practice?
What role does the clinician's expertise play in evidence-based practice?
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What is the primary outcome of the patient management process?
What is the primary outcome of the patient management process?
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Which step follows critical analysis of evidence during the evidence-based practice process?
Which step follows critical analysis of evidence during the evidence-based practice process?
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How should physical therapists approach patient care in relation to evidence-based practice?
How should physical therapists approach patient care in relation to evidence-based practice?
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What is the primary purpose of the comprehensive examination in patient management?
What is the primary purpose of the comprehensive examination in patient management?
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Which of the following is NOT a distinct element of a comprehensive examination?
Which of the following is NOT a distinct element of a comprehensive examination?
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What type of information is obtained through the history component of the examination?
What type of information is obtained through the history component of the examination?
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Which body systems are typically screened during the systems review?
Which body systems are typically screened during the systems review?
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What does a systems review primarily provide during the examination process?
What does a systems review primarily provide during the examination process?
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Which of the following best describes the role of specific tests and measures during the examination?
Which of the following best describes the role of specific tests and measures during the examination?
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What is the impact of identifying numerous health-related risk factors during the history phase?
What is the impact of identifying numerous health-related risk factors during the history phase?
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In what scenario would a therapist decide to use specific tests and measures?
In what scenario would a therapist decide to use specific tests and measures?
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Study Notes
Disablement Process
- Disablement refers to the effects of health conditions, injuries, or developmental abnormalities on a person's ability to function in society.
- Physical therapists primarily work with individuals experiencing physical disabilities but social, emotional, and cognitive disabilities significantly influence physical function.
- The disablement process is understood through models that illustrate the interconnectedness of pathology, impairments, functional limitations, and disability.
Pathology/Pathophysiology
- Pathology is the initial disruption of the body's equilibrium, often caused by diseases, disorders, or conditions.
- It is characterized by abnormal signs and symptoms reflecting alterations in the structure or function of the body at the cellular level.
- Medical intervention typically follows the identification and classification of these abnormalities, leading to a medical diagnosis.
Impairments
- Impairments represent the consequences of pathology manifested as signs and symptoms affecting body systems, organs, or tissues.
- They can be classified based on anatomical, physiological, or psychological alterations, including losses or abnormalities in structure or function.
- Physical therapists primarily treat impairments affecting the musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular/pulmonary, and integumentary systems.
Common Physical Impairments
-
Musculoskeletal Impairments:
- Pain
- Muscle weakness
- Decreased muscular endurance
- Limited range of motion due to various factors like joint capsule restriction, periarticular connective tissue restriction, decreased muscle length, joint hypermobility, and postural problems.
- Muscle length/strength imbalances.
-
Neuromuscular Impairments:
- Pain
- Impaired balance, postural stability, or control
- Incoordination and faulty timing
- Delayed motor development
- Abnormal tone (hypotonia, hypertonia, dystonia)
- Ineffective/inefficient functional movement strategies.
-
Cardiovascular/Pulmonary Impairments:
- Decreased aerobic capacity
- Impaired circulation
- Pain with sustained physical activity.
-
Integumentary Impairments:
- Skin hypomobility (e.g., immobile or adherent scarring).
Functional Limitations
- Functional limitations occur at the level of the whole person, resulting from impairments and impacting a person's ability to perform actions or motor skills efficiently.
- For example, restricted shoulder range of motion (impairment) due to pain can limit a person's ability to reach overhead (functional limitation).
- Functional limitations in the physical domain relate to sensorimotor tasks, encompassing activities of daily living (ADL) like bathing, dressing, feeding, and more complex instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) like occupational tasks, housekeeping, and recreational activities, including community mobility.
Evidence-Based Practice
- Evidence-based practice emphasizes the conscientious use of the best available evidence to make informed decisions about patient care.
- It combines knowledge from research with the expertise of the clinician and the patient's values, goals, and circumstances.
- The process involves:
- Identifying a patient problem and formulating a specific question.
- Conducting a literature search to collect relevant scientific studies.
- Critically analyzing the evidence to assess its quality and applicability.
- Integrating the evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to make decisions.
- Implementing findings into patient management.
- Evaluating the outcomes of interventions and revising strategies as needed.
Patient Management Model
- The patient management model is a comprehensive approach guiding physical therapists through systematic steps for optimizing patient outcomes.
- It involves five components:
- A comprehensive examination to gather information about the patient's problem.
- Evaluation of collected data.
- Diagnosis based on impairments, functional limitations, and disability.
- Prognosis and plan of care based on patient-oriented goals.
- Implementation of appropriate interventions.
Examination
- The examination process involves obtaining information through:
- Patient health history (subjective and objective information).
- Systems review (screening of body systems, including cardiovascular/pulmonary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and potentially gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems).
- Specific tests and measures to provide in-depth information about impairments, functional limitations, and disabilities.
Intervention
- Interventions are purposeful interactions between a therapist and a patient, and they include:
- Coordination, communication, and documentation (written reports, home exercise programs, communication with other healthcare professionals).
- Procedural interventions (therapeutic exercise, functional training, and adjunctive modalities).
- Patient-related instruction (education and guidance).
Procedural Interventions
- Procedural interventions focus on specific treatment procedures.
- Traditionally, these interventions aimed at reducing or correcting impairments.
- Focus on the improvement of physical performance measures like strength, mobility, and balance.
- Current practice emphasizes task-specific exercises that mimic the patient's intended functional activities.
Overall Goal: Reduce functional limitations, enhance a patient's health-related quality of life, and promote participation in desired activities.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the disablement process, its impact on function, and the relationship between pathology and impairments. This quiz explores the interconnectedness of health conditions and societal functioning, providing insights into physical, social, emotional, and cognitive disabilities.
