Directional and Regional Terminology Quiz

A plane that divides the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) half.

A plane that divides the body into a top (superior) and bottom (inferior) half.

A plane that divides the body into a right and left side.

A sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

A sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal right and left halves.

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within a narrow range despite external changes.

A type of feedback mechanism that counteracts a change, restoring balance to the system.

A type of feedback mechanism that amplifies a change, moving the system further away from its set point.

The empty space inside the long bone shaft (diaphysis). It's filled mainly with yellow marrow in adults, which stores fat and energy.

A thin layer of connective tissue lining the medullary cavity. It helps with bone growth and repair.

Dense, fibrous tissue covering the outside of the diaphysis (bone shaft). It allows bone growth and repair and helps with attaching tendons.

The inner layer of the periosteum. It contains osteoblasts, cells that build new bone tissue.

The process of creating blood cells, mainly occurring in red bone marrow.

Bones provide a framework that supports the entire body and allows for attachment of muscles and tendons.

Bones shield vital organs, like the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs, from injury.

Bones work with muscles to allow movement. Muscles attach to bones, contracting to create motion.

A chemical reaction that releases energy, often as heat, into the surroundings.

The starting materials in a chemical reaction. They are usually written on the left side of a chemical equation.

The substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction. They are usually written on the right side of a chemical equation.

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. It lowers the activation energy needed for the reaction.

A substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+). They have a pH less than 7.

A substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+). They have a pH greater than 7.

A substance that has a pH of 7. It can function as either an acid or a base.

The outermost layer of a cell, made of a phospholipid bilayer. It controls what enters and exits the cell.

The process of moving substances across the cell membrane that requires energy.

The process of moving substances across the cell membrane without requiring energy.

Specialized proteins embedded in the cell membrane that help transport substances across the membrane.

The process of moving substances across the cell membrane with the help of transmembrane proteins, but without requiring energy.

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A type of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is specific to the production of gametes (sex cells).

A cell that contains a full set of chromosomes, or two copies of each chromosome. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes in their diploid cells.

This joint allows movement in only one plane, like a door hinge. An example is the elbow joint.

A type of uniaxial joint where a convex surface fits into a concave surface. The elbow joint is a good example.

A joint that allows rotation around a single axis, like a spinning top. An example is the joint between the atlas and axis in your neck.

These joints allow movement in two directions, like moving your wrist up and down or side to side.

A type of biaxial joint where the bone surfaces are shaped like saddles, allowing for movement in two directions. The thumb joint is a good example.

A type of biaxial joint where movement occurs in two planes at right angles to each other. An example is the joint between the radius and carpal bones in the wrist.

These joints allow movement in three or more directions, like the ball and socket joint of the shoulder.

A type of joint where bone surfaces are mostly flat and allow for gliding movements. The joints between the carpals of your wrist are an example.

A joint where a smooth, rounded bone surface fits into a cup-like socket, allowing for a wide range of motion. The hip and shoulder joints are examples.

A movement that decreases the angle between two bones, like bending your elbow.

Cells responsible for bone formation. They synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone, called osteoid, which later becomes mineralized.

Mature bone cells that reside within lacunae in the bone matrix. They maintain the bone tissue and are involved in calcium homeostasis.

Large, multinucleated cells that resorb bone tissue by releasing enzymes and acids. They play a role in bone remodeling and calcium regulation.

Immature, undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into osteoblasts. They are found in the periosteum and endosteum.

The portion of the skeleton that forms the central axis of the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

The portion of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and their supporting girdles (pectoral and pelvic).

A large opening in the occipital bone of the skull that allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain.

A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.

An opening in the sphenoid bone that allows passage for cranial nerves and blood vessels to the eye.

A canal in the sphenoid bone that allows passage for the optic nerve to the eye.

A complex bone that forms part of the nasal cavity, orbits, and skull base.

A thin, perforated plate of the ethmoid bone that forms the roof of the nasal cavity. It allows olfactory nerves to pass through.

A bony projection on the ethmoid bone that serves as an attachment point for the falx cerebri, a membrane that separates the cerebral hemispheres.

A bony plate that forms the superior part of the nasal septum.

The bony structure that forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

The vertical partition that separates the nasal cavity.

The bone that forms the lower jaw.

The structure that attaches the tongue to the hyoid bone.