Directional and Regional Terminology Quiz
53 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following terms refers to a structure that is closer to the midline of the body?

  • Distal
  • Medial (correct)
  • Lateral
  • Superior

    • In which plane does the body get divided into equal right and left halves?

  • Midsagittal (correct)
  • Frontal
  • Parasagittal
  • Transverse

    • What is the primary function of the appendicular region of the body?

  • House the central nervous system
  • Facilitate movement through upper and lower limbs (correct)
  • Support and protect vital organs
  • Connect different organ systems

    • Which type of feedback mechanism continues to enhance a change until a specific goal is achieved?

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What charge do protons carry?

    <p>Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a decomposition reaction?

    <p>Breaking down glucose into pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a region of the body responsible for maintaining a stable internal environment?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint permits movement primarily in one plane?

    <p>Uniaxial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle contraction type involves the muscle lengthening while under tension?

    <p>Eccentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuroglial cells form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of lever systems, which configuration represents a second-class lever?

    <p>Resistance is between effort and fulcrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of skeletal muscle is primarily involved in muscle contraction through the sliding filament theory?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements describes moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process occurs when a graded potential reaches a certain threshold?

    <p>Action potential generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows for a range of movements including flexion and extension as seen in the elbow?

    <p>Hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is responsible for creating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Ependymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red bone marrow in childhood?

    <p>Blood formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is most significant in regulating calcium levels in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance fills the medullary cavity in adulthood?

    <p>Yellow bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the periosteum is responsible for bone remodeling and growth?

    <p>Osteogenic layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with the skeletal system?

    <p>Hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mineral stored in bone?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red bone marrow as an individual reaches adulthood?

    <p>It is replaced with yellow bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones primarily protects the spinal cord?

    <p>Vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes catalysts in chemical reactions?

    <p>They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH range indicates that blood is neutral?

    <p>7.35 to 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>To allow transport across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about meiosis is correct?

    <p>Meiosis consists of two rounds of division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin contains mostly adipose tissue?

    <p>Subcutaneous layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the immune response in the skin?

    <p>Langerhans cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sweat glands?

    <p>Regulating body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sebaceous glands?

    <p>To secrete oil that keeps the skin moisturized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of long bones, what is the role of the metaphysis?

    <p>It contains the epiphyseal growth plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for transmitting signals in the body?

    <p>Nervous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the anaphase stage of mitosis?

    <p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

    <p>To create a waterproof barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important feature of arteries during thermoregulation in warm conditions?

    <p>They dilate to allow for heat loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone cell is primarily responsible for the formation of new bone tissue?

    <p>Osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage connects the articulating bones in cartilaginous joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebrae are specifically identified as C1 and C2 in the cervical region?

    <p>Atlas and Axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of true ribs are there in the human body?

    <p>7 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?

    <p>Short and wide spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the hard palate in the mouth?

    <p>Maxilla and palatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT a feature of the scapula?

    <p>Lateral malleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are sutures classified as?

    <p>Fibrous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is often referred to as the tailbone?

    <p>Coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the vertebral column is referred to as the sacrum?

    <p>5 fused vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The zygomatic arch consists of two bones. Which of the following describes these bones?

    <p>Temporal and zygomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Directional Terminology

    • Superior: Above, higher position
    • Inferior: Below, lower position
    • Medial: Toward the midline of the body
    • Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
    • Proximal: Closer to the point of origin or attachment
    • Distal: Farther from the point of origin or attachment
    • Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body
    • Posterior (Dorsal): Back of the body
    • Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body
    • Deep: Farther from the surface of the body

    Planes of the Body

    • Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left sections
    • Mid-sagittal: Divides the body into equal right and left halves
    • Para-sagittal: Divides the body into unequal right and left halves
    • Frontal (Coronal): Divides the body into front and back sections
    • Transverse (Horizontal): Divides the body into top and bottom sections
    • Oblique: Divides the body at an angle

    Body Regional Terminology

    • Axial: Core of the body, excluding limbs
      • Cephalic: Head
      • Cervical: Neck
      • Thoracic: Chest
      • Abdominal: Belly
      • Pelvic: Hip
      • Pubic: Groin
      • Nuchal: Back of the neck
    • Appendicular: Upper and lower limbs
      • Axillary: Armpit
      • Brachial: Upper arm
      • Antecubital: Front of the elbow
      • Antebrachial: Forearm
      • Carpal: Wrist
      • Palmar: Palm
      • Pollex: Thumb
      • Digital/Phalangeal: Fingers
      • Femoral: Thigh
      • Patellar: Anterior surface of the knee
      • Crural: Leg
      • Pedal: Foot
      • Metatarsal/Tarsal: Ankle

    Organ Systems & Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis: Body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions
    • Negative Feedback: Corrects imbalances and stops once homeostasis is restored
    • Positive Feedback: Corrects imbalances and continues until stopped by negative feedback

    Chemistry

    • Atoms: Fundamental units of matter
      • Protons: Positive charge
      • Neutrons: Neutral charge
      • Electrons: Negative charge
      • Valence Electrons: Outermost electrons, involved in chemical bonding
    • Chemical Bonds:
      • Covalent: Sharing of electrons
      • Polar Covalent: Unequal sharing of electrons
      • Ionic: Transfer of electrons
      • Hydrogen: Attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
    • Reactions:
      • Synthesis: Combining smaller molecules into a larger one (requires energy)
      • Decomposition: Breaking down a larger molecule into smaller ones (releases energy)
    • Acids: Substances releasing H+ ions (pH < 7)
    • Bases/Alkaline: Substances accepting H+ ions (pH > 7)
    • Neutral: Substances functioning as either acids or bases (pH = 7)
    • Blood pH: Normal range is 7.35-7.45

    Cells and Cell Membranes

    • Cell Membranes: Phospholipid bilayer, regulates transport
    • Transport:
      • Active Transport: Requires energy
      • Passive Transport: Does not require energy
      • Transmembrane Proteins: Facilitated diffusion across the membrane
    • Mitosis: Cell division for growth and repair
    • Meiosis: Cell division for sexual reproduction
    • Chromosomes: Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
    • Diploid Cells: Contain full sets of chromosomes
    • Haploid Cells: Contain half the number of chromosomes

    Tissues

    • Main Tissue Types: Connective, epithelial, muscular, nervous
    • Connective Tissue Subtypes: (Examples given, not exhaustive)

    Integumentary System

    • Epidermis Layers (Deep to Superficial): Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (thick skin only), corneum
    • Skin Glands:
      • Eccrine Sweat Glands: Abundant, regulate body temperature
      • Apocrine Sweat Glands: Respond to stress/stimuli, thicker sweat
      • Sebaceous Glands: Produce sebum, prevent dryness
      • Ceruminous Glands: Produce earwax
      • Mammary Glands: Modified apocrine glands, produce milk
    • Epidermal Cells:
      • Keratinocytes: 90% of epidermis, produce keratin, protect skin, water proofing.
      • Melanocytes: Produce melanin, protect from UV damage
      • Langerhans Cells: Immune cells, respond to microbes
      • Merkel Cells: Touch receptors

    Dermis, Hypodermis, and Thermoregulation

    • Dermis: Connective tissue layer, provides support, strength, and elasticity
    • Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer): Adipose tissue, insulation, energy storage
    • Thermoregulation: Maintaining body temperature
    • Mechanisms: Sweating, insulation, vasodilation/vasoconstriction

    Skeletal System

    • Long Bone Structure:
      • Epiphysis: Ends of the bone, spongy bone
      • Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses
      • Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone, compact bone
      • Metaphysis: Region between epiphysis and diaphysis, growth plate
      • Medullary Cavity: Central cavity, contains bone marrow
      • Endosteum: Connective tissue lining the medullary cavity
      • Periosteum: Connective tissue lining the outer surface of the bone
    • Bone Functions: Support, protection, movement, blood formation, mineral storage, triglyceride storage
    • Bone Cells: Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
    • Axial Skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, thorax
    • Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs and their girdles
    • Joints:
      • Synarthroses: Immovable joints
      • Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints
      • Diarthroses (Synovial Joints): Freely movable joints
      • Types of Synovial Joints: (Examples given, not exhaustive)

    Muscles

    • Lever Systems: First, second, and third class levers
    • Muscle Cell Components: Sarcomere, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum
    • Sarcomere Components: Z-disc, M-line, A-band, I-band, zone of overlap, thick filaments, thin filaments
    • Muscle Proteins: Contractile, structural, regulatory
    • Muscle Organization: Microfilaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscle fascicles, skeletal muscle
    • Connective Tissues: Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
    • Muscle Contractions: Isotonic (concentric, eccentric), isometric
    • Muscle Actions: Agonist, antagonist, synergist, fixator
    • Sliding Filament Theory: Actin and myosin filaments sliding past each other
    • Nervous System: Neurons and neuroglial (glial) cells

    Nervous System

    • Neurons: Basic functional units of the nervous system
    • Neuron Parts: Dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, nodes of Ranvier, myelin sheath, telodendria, synaptic end bulb, synapse
    • Neuroglia (Glial) Cells: Support and protect neurons
    • CNS Neuroglia: Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
    • PNS Neuroglia: Schwann cells, satellite cells
    • Graded Potentials: Changes in membrane potential
    • Synaptic Receptors: Bind neurotransmitters
    • Summation: Spatial and temporal summation of graded potentials
    • Action Potentials: Rapid changes in membrane potential
    • Increasing Conduction Velocity: Myelination

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on directional and regional terminology used in anatomy. This quiz covers key terms such as superior, inferior, medial, lateral, and various planes of the body. Perfect for students of anatomy or anyone interested in understanding human biology.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser