Direct and Indirect Speech & Journalistic Texts

• Types of Speeches

Direct Speech

• Repeats someone's exact words.
• Uses quotation marks.
• Example: Ram said, "I am very busy now."

Indirect Speech

• Reports what someone said without using their exact words.
• Often changes verb tense and pronouns.
• Has two parts: the reporting verb and the reported speech.
• Example: Ram said that he is very busy then.
• Journalistic Texts/Writings

Journalistic Texts

• A type of writing that presents news and information.
• Empowers readers to make informed decisions.
• Features of Journalistic Texts

Journalistic Text

• Contains verified facts.
• Focuses on the reader.
• Avoids presumptions or generalizations.
• Is free from bias, open-minded, and independent.
• Is significant, interesting, and relevant.
• Types of Journalistic Texts

Hard News Report

• Tackles the events of the day.
• Includes news from local, national, and international settings.
• Focuses on the most important facts.

Editorial or Opinion Article

• Tackles the writer's opinion on a news topic.
• Provides informed, reasoned arguments for or against a position.
• Urges readers to take action or consider a viewpoint.
• Commonly written by a newspaper editor.

Feature Article

• Appeals to the readers' interests.
• Can cover famous figures, past events, hobbies, or reviews.
• May take a personal, in-depth approach to news.
• Longer than hard news reports; written like a magazine article.
• May contain more photos than a hard news report.

Sports News Article

• Focuses on games and sporting events.
• Aims to show the drama and excitement.
• Requires knowledge of the sport's rules, athletes, and records.
• General format

Headline

• The title of a newspaper article.
• Should be catchy to attract readers.

Byline

• The writer's name and specialty.

Placeline

• The place where the story happens.

Lead

• The opening paragraph.
• Gives the most important information.
• Uses the 5Ws1H (Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How).

Body

• The paragraphs that follow the lead.
• Arranged by level of importance.

Quotations

• Statements by people in the story.
• Add accuracy.
• Modifiers (Adverbs and Adjectives)

Modifiers

• Words, phrases, or clauses that describe nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs.

Adjectives

• Modify nouns or pronouns.
• Answer questions like "What kind?" and "How many?".
• Usually appear before the word they describe.
• Example: The house with the pink door is mine.

Adverbs

• Modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
• Answer questions like "How?", "When?", and "Where?".
• Usually appear after the word they describe.
• Example: I walk to school every day.
• Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Misplaced Modifier

• A word, phrase, or clause placed incorrectly.
• Example (Incorrect): The girl said on Wednesday that she would buy ribbons.
• Example (Correct): The girl said that she would buy ribbons on Wednesday.

Dangling Modifier

• A modifier without a subject in the sentence.
• Example (Incorrect): After reading the book, the movie made more sense.
• Example (Correct): After reading the book I thought the movie made more sense.