Diplomacy and Peace: Key Concepts

What is the main argument presented in the provided passage?

Which of these is NOT considered a characteristic of the Concert of Europe?

What is the author implying regarding the role of 'diplomacy' in achieving peace?

According to the passage, what were the key elements that contributed to the failure of the 'old' diplomatic structures in maintaining international order?

What are the two main models of peace discussed in the text?

What is the significance of the 'armistice' in the context of the text?

What is the main criticism of the Concert of Europe system as presented by the author?

What was the main outcome of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

What did Lenin regard the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as?

What was the primary goal of Wilson's "new diplomacy"?

What was the significance of the US declaration of war on Germany in 1917?

What was the central principle behind Wilson's Fourteen Points?

What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk's impact on Russia?

How did the American entry into the war impact the conflict?

What was the key difference between Lenin and Wilson's approaches to resolving the conflict?

What did Wilson see as the primary cause of the war?

What did the "Decree on Peace" and Wilson's call for "peace without victory" share in common?

What was the objective of the "Fourteen Points"?

What was the primary function of the League of Nations?

What were the key themes of Wilson's "Fourteen Points"?

How did Wilson's "new diplomacy" differ from traditional diplomacy?

Why did Lenin pull Russia out of the war?

What was the primary purpose of the "Rhineland Pact"?

What was the primary motive behind Briand's proposal for an agreement to renounce war?

What is the main criticism of the Kellogg-Briand pact as presented in the text?

Why was Italy's potential for expansion limited in the 1920s?

Which of these statements accurately describes Mussolini's foreign policy in the 1920s?

What is the MAIN reason given for the containment of Italian revisionism in the 1920s?

What was the official limit set for the German army after the war?

What clause was primarily responsible for Germany's acceptance of war guilt?

What was one of the factors that limited Germany's capacity to pay reparations?

What was the interim payment demanded from Germany before the final reparations amount was determined?

What was the purpose of the two Articles, 231 and 232, in relation to Germany's reparations?

Which city was made a 'free city' to provide Poland access to the sea?

Which leader prioritized French security through permanent weakening of Germany?

Why were the Anglo-American Treaties of Guarantee important to France?

What was a significant outcome of the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles by the American Senate?

What condition was placed on British adherence to the Anglo-American guarantees?

What did the peacemakers fail to address effectively regarding the reparations owed by Germany?

What was the primary concern of Lloyd George regarding France's position in Europe?

How did Hitler use the Danzig question in 1939?

What was Stresemann's primary goal in launching a "peace offensive"?

What was the significance of the Locarno Treaties for Stresemann's revisionist program?

What was the main challenge Stresemann faced in pursuing his revisionist agenda?

What was the significance of American short-term loans and investments for European recovery after World War I?

Why did Stresemann need the USSR's support in his foreign policy objectives?

What was the main weakness of the League of Nations in the 1920s?

Which of these best describes the relationship between the Great Powers in the late 1920s?

What was the primary reason that made the international structure of the 1920s fragile?

Which of these was NOT a factor that contributed to the fragile peace of the 1920s?

What was one of the main features of the "new diplomacy" that emerged in the 1920s?

What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact signify about the international community's approach to peace?

What did the events in the late 1920s reveal about the role of international organizations in international politics?

How was the political equilibrium of the 1920s characterized?

Which of these was a contributing factor to the precarious peace of the 1920s?

What was the main factor contributing to the slow emergence of a stable international framework in the 1920s?

What was one of the main reasons Lloyd George insisted on including pensions in reparations claims?

What alternative did French officials consider regarding Germany's economic influence?

What stance did Wilson take regarding Germany's treatment post-war?

Which country's support was deemed essential for France's security regarding Germany?

What key strategy did the Allies use to encourage nationalities during the war?

What was one outcome of the Treaty of Saint-Germain?

What did the post-war agreements largely reflect in relation to Germany?

What was significant about the American cancellation of war debts, according to Marc Trachtenberg?

Which treaty specifically prohibited the union of Austria and Germany?

In terms of substantial reconstruction aid, how did the American approach in 1919 differ from actions in 1947?

Which minor treaty further confirmed the new territorial arrangements in Europe post-World War I?

What attitude did Wilson have towards balance-of-power politics?

What was a shared goal among the Allied powers regarding post-war Europe?

What was the starting point for the analysis provided in the text?

What event triggered the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II?

What were the two centers of political power after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II?

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the stance of the Petrograd Soviet on peace?

Why did the international socialist movement's attempt to hold a peace conference in Stockholm fail?

What was the main reason Lenin believed that war was inevitable?

What was the main objective of the Bolshevik 'Decree on Peace' issued in November 1917?

What was the primary reason the Bolsheviks believed a wave of workers’ revolutions would occur in Europe?

Why did the Bolsheviks publish secret inter-Allied agreements on war aims?

What does the term 'national self-determination' refer to?

What was President Woodrow Wilson's vision for a new diplomatic system?

Which of the following were key proponents of a 'new diplomacy' following the outbreak of World War I?

What was the key issue addressed by the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920)?

What does the period from the French occupation of the Rhineland in 1923 to the Locarno treaties of 1925 reveal?

What is the main question the text attempts to answer?

What was the main reason for the lack of a better post-war order, according to the text?

What was the primary motivation for Lloyd George's support of the League of Nations?

Which of the following was NOT a key feature of the League of Nations?

What was the significance of the ‘three-month period of arbitration’ for international disputes?

What was the main reason for Germany's loss of territory and economic potential in the post-war settlement?

What was the ultimate fate of the Saar region?

What was the significance of the designation of Danzig as a ‘free city’?

How did the League of Nations attempt to deter future wars?

What was the main weakness of the League of Nations?

What was the main tension between the French and American visions for the League of Nations?

What did the ‘new diplomacy’ represent, according to the text?

Why was the German settlement considered ‘punitive’?

What was the main purpose of the demilitarization of the Rhineland?

Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the post-war settlement for Germany?

Which region remained part of the Czech-dominated union to ensure its economic viability?

What major territory did Romania acquire after World War I?

What was a significant outcome of the Paris Peace Conference regarding self-determination?

Which territory did Italy acquire as part of the peace settlement?

What did the League of Nations promise regarding minority protection?

What did David Stevenson suggest could have prevented the failures of the 1930s?

What contributed to the decline of inter-Allied solidarity after World War I?

Which statement best describes the American position after World War I regarding international commitments?

What was one reason for Wilson's failure to secure the Treaty of Versailles ratification?

Which state gained territory from Bulgaria after World War I?

What was a significant factor leading to the dissatisfaction of major states in the post-war settlement?

Which of the following was NOT a territory controlled by Soviet Russia after World War I?

What did Wilson's idea of a new liberal world order seek to achieve?

Which event symbolized the end of America's commitment to European peace after WWI?

What dual-track policy did Soviet Russia adopt to ensure its survival?

What was the significance of the Rapallo agreement between Soviet Russia and Weimar Germany?

How did the Treaty of Sèvres affect Franco-Turkish relations?

What legacy did the Versailles Treaty have in Germany during the interwar period?

What was J.M. Keynes' argument in 'The Economic Consequences of the Peace'?

What impact did the failures of security pacts have on European stability?

What was a central aspect of Weimar Germany's foreign policy in the 1920s?

Which of the following factors most contributed to the breakdown of trust between France and Britain?

How did the perception of the Treaty of Versailles influence German society?

What role did economic agreements play in Soviet foreign policy during the interwar period?

What did Western powers fear regarding Soviet Russia's international policies?

What was a major consequence of the Soviet Union's decision to renounce its debts?

What was the broader implication of the rivalry between Britain and France after World War I?

What was an outcome of the failure of the Allied intervention in Russia?

What was the original amount set for reparation payments to be made by Germany in 1921?

What did the Germans argue about the 132 billion gold marks reparation amount?

Which countries were part of the Reparations Commission's vote declaring Germany in default of payments?

What was the primary reason for the British and French disagreements over reparations?

What action did French and Belgian troops take in January 1923?

What was one outcome of the crisis regarding reparations and occupation by the French?

What did the Dawes Plan achieve in 1924?

What was a perceived consequence of the French occupation of the Rhineland?

What economic impact did the occupation of German towns have in response to strikes?

What did French Prime Minister Poincaré aim to achieve by occupying the Rhineland?

Which of the following statements describes a major flaw in the negotiation process during the 1922 Geneva conference?

What was the reaction of British Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law to the French occupation of the Rhineland?

How did the actions taken by the Allies regarding reparations and economic recovery impact Germany?

What aspect of the reparations settlement primarily fueled political conflict between Germany and the Allies?

What did the reparations situation reveal about the priorities of the Allied powers?

What was the primary reason for the French and British reliance on American support?

What was a major point of contention between Wilson and the European leaders, particularly Clemenceau and Lloyd George?

What was Ludendorff's primary objective in launching the offensives in spring 1918?

Why did the German government approach President Wilson directly for an armistice, bypassing their allies?

What is the primary reason why the Entente powers initially played down their differences with Wilson?

What was the impact of Wilson's Fourteen Points on Germany and Austria-Hungary?

What was the primary reason for the failure of Austria-Hungary's attempt to negotiate a separate peace with Britain and France?

What was the primary reason for the Central Powers' continued commitment to a military solution in the late stages of the war?

What was the primary reason for Wilson's decision to exclude his allies from the armistice talks with Germany?

What was the most significant consequence of Wilson's decision to exclude his allies from the armistice talks?

What was Wilson's primary objective in negotiating the peace settlement?

What disagreement emerged between the British and Americans over the terms of the peace settlement?

What was the primary reason for the relative success of the Entente powers in achieving unity during the war?

What was the primary factor leading to the Central Powers' acceptance of an armistice?

What was the most significant obstacle preventing Austria-Hungary from negotiating a separate peace with the Entente powers?

What was Wilson's primary justification for advocating for the removal of economic barriers?

How did the Allied powers plan to ensure Germany's defeat in World War I, despite the armistice?

What caused the Allies to conclude the armistice in 1918?

Which of the following was a key reason for the perceived connection between democracy, defeat and the Paris peace in the minds of many Germans?

What was the key feature of the armistice agreement signed on 11 November 1918?

Why did the German high command promote constitutional reform in 1918?

What was the primary goal of the Paris Peace Conference?

What was one of the key arguments against the decision to accept the armistice in 1918?

What was a significant consequence of the Allied intervention forces in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution?

What was the primary characteristic of the "stab-in-the-back legend" popularized by German right-wing propagandists?

How did the Allied powers perceive President Wilson's commitment to a 'storming of the German frontier'?

What role did the Council of Four play in the Paris Peace Conference?

What hindered the efficient functioning of the Paris Peace Conference initially?

What was one of the major challenges facing the Allied powers as they sought to achieve a stable peace after World War I?

What was the main purpose of the Locarno treaties?

Which agreement was considered the most important outcome of the Locarno treaties?

What was the role Britain played in the Locarno agreements?

What did each foreign minister view the Locarno treaties as a first step towards?

What did Briand hope to achieve through the Locarno treaties?

How did Stresemann's outlook change after the events of 1918 and 1923?

Why was the Locarno era seen as a turning point in international affairs?

What approach did France adopt after the Locarno agreements regarding Germany?

What was a key condition of the Rhineland Pact?

What did the Locarno treaties restrict regarding German borders?

What common view is proposed by historians concerning the 'Spirit of Locarno'?

What was a limitation of the British guarantee in the Locarno treaties?

Why did Stresemann accept the Dawes Plan?

Which countries were involved in signing arbitration treaties following the Locarno agreements?