SST-CH-1

Frederic Sorrieu

• Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, presented a series of paintings in 1848.
• He dreamed of a world of social and democratic republics.
• In Sorrieu's utopian world, people are grouped as distinct nations with flags and costumes.
• The USA and Switzerland lead the procession, followed by France, Germany, Austria, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary, and Russia.

French Revolution

• Nationalism started with the French Revolution in 1789.
• French revolutionaries took steps to create a feeling of collective identity.
• Innovative ideas included Le citoyen and La Partie.
• A new French flag was created.
• The National Assembly was elected, renaming it from the Estate General.
• The administrative system was consolidated.
• Customs and internal duties were abolished.
• Uniform weights and measures were introduced.
• French became a common language.

Napoleonic Code

• Napoleon ended democracy in France.
• The Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code, was introduced.
• This code abolished birth rights and privileges.
• Equality before the law was established.
• The right to property was secured.
• Guild restrictions were removed.

The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class

• Aristocrats were politically and socially dominant in terms of population.
• Peasants formed the majority of the population.
• With industrialization in England, a new social class, the working class, emerged.
• It included artisans, industrialists, and businessmen.

Liberalism

• Only property-owning men had the right to vote or be elected.
• Women and propertyless men were restricted from political rights.
• Liberalism is derived from the Latin word 'liber', meaning "to be free."
• Liberal nationalism survived clerical privilege and autocracy.

A New Conservatism After 1815

• Major European powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) defeated Napoleon in 1815.
• They met in Vienna to create the Treaty of Vienna for a European settlement.
• The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
• France lost all territories gained during the Napoleonic Wars.
• The 39 states of the German Confederation, formed by Napoleon, remained untouched.
• Borders were created to prevent France from expanding.

The Revolutionaries

• Guiseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807.
• He was a member of a secret society of carbonari.
• He established two secret societies: Young Europe in Berne and Young Italy in Marseilles.
• The main goal was to unify Italy into a republic.

The Age of Revolution: 1830-1848

• Bourbon kings were overthrown, which led to a constitutional monarchy in July 1830.
• Greece fought for independence as part of the Ottoman Empire.
• Greece was declared independent in the Treaty of Constantinople in 1832.
• National feeling was the main focus.
• Johan Gottfried, a German philosopher, discovered culture of common people through music, dance and folk poetry.
• Fewer jobs were available.
• Rising food costs and bad harvests led to widespread pauperism.
• Silesian weavers revolted against contractors in 1845.
• The Frankfurt parliament was elected in 1848, with 831 representatives conveyed in St. Paul Church.

Britain

• The English Parliament seized power from the ruling monarchy.
• British forces took Ireland in 1801 after revolution failed.
• The British Nation was formed through the mass propagation of English culture.

Nationalism and Imperialism

• Modern Balkans included Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Slovenia.
• Romantic nationalism made this area explosive, leading major European powers to want control, resulting in World War I.

What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?

• Socially, liberalism stood for individual freedom and equality before the law.
• Politically, it implied a government chosen by the people.
• Economically, liberalism meant that merchants could trade and move freely.
• Economic liberalism led to greater feelings of nationalism.

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

• Nationalism was expressed through culture, poetry, stories, and music.
• Writers and poets criticized science and reason, emphasizing emotions, intuition, and shared feelings under romanticism.
• Folk songs, poetry, and dances became popular as nation-building tools.
• Language was a weapon against monarchy, and vernacular languages were re-established in institutions where other languages were imposed.

Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt

• Europe faced economic hardship around the 1830s.
• A population boom occurred along with rising food prices from bad harvests.
• Poverty and unemployment increased.

The Revolution of the Liberals

• Poverty created a revolution.
• Liberal-nationalists took advantage of the situation.
• A parliament-like structure was demanded of conservatives in Germany.
• Friedrich Wilhelm IV was selected to be the Monarch, however rejected the offer and sided with the conservatives.
• Women and men rebelled together.
• Women founded newspapers and participated in meetings and demonstrations.
• By 1848, conservatives gave concessions to liberal nationalists.

The Making of Germany and Italy

• Germany was thought to be unified via the army.
• After 1848, conservatives used nationalism to further their policies, reflected in the unification of Germany and Italy as nation-states.
• The army initiated to unify Prussia; Otto von Bismarck helped unite Prussia using the army and bureaucracy.

Italy Unified

• Italy was divided into states, with Sardinia-Piedmont ruled by a princely house.
• Italian unification was achieved by Chief Minister Cavour; whilst Mazzini spread nationalism, Cavour led the Italian unification with Sardinia-Piedmont defeating the Austrians in 1859.
• The Italian army drove out the Spanish and marched to South Italy and Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Victor Emmanuel II became the king of Italy in 1861.

The Strange Case of Britain

• Britain became a nation through influence, not revolution.
• Europe had diverse identities and ethnicities.
• The act of union between England and Scotland influenced British unification.

Visualising the Nation

• Nationalism was depicted by personifications known as allegory.
• Germania and Marianne feature as allegorical figures.