Digital Textbook (Lite) for Upper Secondary

About the Digital Textbook (lite)

• Targeted towards upper secondary Normal (Technical) students, with an interactive digital textbook developed based on the 2023 syllabus
• Functions as a quick reference and conceptual roadmap to accommodate different learning styles
• It should be used alongside the Interactive Digital Textbook on SLS and Activity Book

Digital Textbook (Lite) Features

• Curriculum-aligned content and media, with links to learning experiences in Print Activity Book and SLS.
• Provides a quick reference and conceptual roadmap to lessons

Digital and Print resources

• Learning experiences in Print Activity Book include hands-on activities, discussions, and practice questions.
• Learning experiences on SLS enable technology-mediated interactions

Link to learning Experience benefits

• Facilitates structured learning in tandem with the activity book
• Hands-on learning experiences develop conceptual understanding.

Topic Opener

• Indicates where to find Interactive Digital Textbook lessons on SLS containing rich-media objects and teacher-led discussions
• Key Inquiry Questions frame overarching concepts for students.

"Science Matters" Feature

• Colored green, this feature develops learning outcomes relating to Values, Ethics, and Attitudes, available through SLS lessons

"Put It Together" Feature

• Concept maps offer visual overviews of connections between key concepts within a topic.

"Review Questions" Feature

• Directs students to SLS lessons for review where rich-media objects and immediate feedback are available upon completion.

Topic 1: Energy - Learning Outcomes

• Understand electrical, kinetic, light, potential, sound, and thermal energy
• Thermal energy transfers from higher to lower temperature regions

Conservation of energy application

• Apply the conservation of energy principle
• Recall and apply the power formula: power = energy / time
• Describe electricity generation in fossil fuel power stations
• Explain electricity transmission via high voltage grids.

Transformers and energy

• Describe step-up and step-down transformers in electricity transmission and appliances
• Appreciate the usefulness of science and knowledge of energy

1.1 — What Is Energy?

• Energy refers to the capacity to do work.
• Machines need energy to function.

Unit of measurements

• The joule (J) is the standard unit for measuring energy

Forms of Energy

-Forms of energy that exists are potential, kinetic, electrical, light, sound and thermal energy

Potential energy

• Potential energy is energy that is stored.
• Three common forms include elastic, chemical, and gravitational potential energy.

Elastic potential energy

• Elastic potential energy is stored when objects are stretched or compressed, i.e., slingshots, compressed springs

Chemical potential energy

• Chemical potential energy is stored in fuels, batteries, and food. i.e., petrol, battery and food store chemical potential energy.

Gravitational potential energy

• Gravitational potential energy is stored in objects at a height i.e., water at the top of a wheel possesses gravitational potential energy

Kinetic energy

• Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses as a result of its motion

Light energy

• Light energy helps us see and is needed by plants for photosynthesis. i.e., light from the sun helps plants grow

Thermal energy

• Thermal energy keeps us warm and cooks food

Electrical energy

• Electrical energy is found in circuits and converted by appliances

Sound energy

• Sound energy allows us communicate.
• The Public Warning System in Singapore uses sound energy to broadcast messages

How Is Thermal Energy Transferred?

• Thermal energy warms and cooks food
• Temperature measures thermal energy, which thermometer or data logger.

Transfer of energy

• Energy transfers from high to low temperature

Thermal transfer

• When thermal energy transfers from one place to another, one temperature decreases and another increases.

How is Conservation of Energy Applied?

• The conservation of energy states energy is never created or destroyed, but converted.
• Total energy remains constant before and after any conversion.

Energy Conversion examples

• A child sliding: gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy
• Solar panels: light energy converts to electrical and thermal energy
• An electric fan: electrical energy converts to kinetic and sound.

1.2 Energy – How Do Machines Work?

• Power is the amount of energy converted or transferred per second.
• Measured in watts (W) and is calculated using the formula power = energy / time.

Factors increasing Power

• increasing energy converted, using same time;
• converting the same energy in less time
• increasing the energy converted in less time.

How Do We Obtain Electricity?

• Power stations generate electricity using energy sources; fossil fuel plants use fossil fuels.
• Electricity comes from energy converted at different power station stages.

Power station stages

• Potential energy of fuel to thermal energy in a furnace.
• Thermal energy converts to kinetic energy in moving steam in a boiler.
• Kinetic energy of steam to turbine kinetic energy in a turbine.
• Kinetic energy of turbine rotates a generator to generate electrical energy.

How Is Electricity Transmitted?

• Transmission lines distribute electricity from power stations to homes.
• These lines can be above-ground towers or buried underground.

High voltage energy

• Electricity transmits at high voltages to reduce energy loss.
• Electrical energy converts to thermal energy during transmission, losing some energy.

How Do Transformers Help in the Transmission of Electricity?

• Electricity is converted to very high voltages by step-up transformers.
• Step-up transformers converts low to high voltage.
• Electricity then travels through high voltage transmission lines.

Transmission to homes

• After transmission, step-down transformers convert electricity back to lower voltages.
• Step-down transformers convert high to low voltage for home use.
• Transformers are also in appliances.

Topic 2 – Electricity Learning Outcomes

• Draw and interpret circuit diagrams with different components
• Series and parallel circuit arrangements
• Multimeter use for current, voltage, and resistance
• Current is consistent in series, splits in parallel
• Voltage splits in series, consistent in parallel.

Series circuits

• State a series circuit's effective resistance increases with more resistors.

Parallel circuits

• State that a parallel circuits's effective resistance decreases with more resistors
• Explain how connecting household appliances in parallel has advantages.

Electrical appliance ratings

• Identify voltage and power ratings on appliance labels
• Apply P = IV and calculate costs using kWh
• Reduce electrical w

How Are Current, Voltage and Resistance Measured?

• Electric current is the rate of electrical charges flowing in a closed circuit.
• In a closed circuit, current flows from the positive to the negative terminal of cell and is measured in amperes (A).

###Measuring Instruments

• Ammeters measures series circuit current
• Multimeters also can measure circuit current

Interactive digital textbook for upper secondary Normal (Technical) students based on the 2023 syllabus. Serves as a quick reference and conceptual roadmap, complementing the Interactive Digital Textbook on SLS and Activity Book. It facilitates structured learning in tandem with the activity book.