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What was the main issue addressed in the Unique Identification Authority of India v. Central Bureau of Investigation case?
The Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) can impose criminal penalties for non-compliance.
False
What is the financial penalty range for a data fiduciary in non-compliance with the Act?
Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 250 crores
Digital signatures are like electronic __________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What happens if there is a conflict between the DPDP Act and another existing law?
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An appeal against any order of the Data Protection Board can be made to the Supreme Court.
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What functionality does a digital signature provide?
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What does PKI stand for?
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Advanced and Qualified signatures do not carry the same legal validity as pen signatures.
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What is the role of a Certificate Authority (CA)?
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A hash function generates a unique set of numbers and letters from an algorithm that is ___ to a document.
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Which class of digital certificate is primarily issued for e-commerce applications?
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Which authentication method is NOT mentioned for applying an electronic signature?
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Digital certificates are similar to traditional contracts in their method of delivery.
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Match the following digital signature types with their description:
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What term is used to refer to a person who sends information in an e-contract?
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Digital signatures and electronic signatures are identical and can be used interchangeably.
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What is a digital certificate used for?
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A digital signature certificate class that confirms a user name or email address is called Class __.
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Which of the following describes an e-contract?
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Match the classes of digital signature certificates with their descriptions:
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The addressee in an e-contract is the person generating the data.
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Name one advantage of e-contracts compared to traditional contracts.
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Study Notes
Digital Signatures
- Digital signatures are electronic fingerprints that provide high security and universal acceptance.
- They use a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), a standard format, for identity verification.
- Digital certificates are used for authentication and are issued by Certificate Authorities (CAs).
- Hash functions create a unique digital fingerprint for a document, ensuring its integrity.
- Public key cryptography generates public and private keys, enabling secure communication and verification.
Components of Digital Signature Creation
- Hash Function: Generates a unique code for a document, preventing alteration and ensuring authenticity.
- Public Key Cryptography: Allows for secure communication and verification, using a pair of keys (public and private).
- Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A framework for managing and verifying digital certificates, ensuring trust and security.
- Certificate Authority (CA): A trusted third party verifying the identity of a person or entity and issuing digital certificates.
Types of Digital Signatures
- Advanced and Qualified Signatures: Offer legal validity equivalent to a handwritten signature.
- These signatures are created using PKI and asymmetric cryptography.
- They record information like the time and location of signing, device used, and any changes made after signing.
- They require two-factor authentication, including methods like:
- Entering a code sent to a mobile device.
- Using biometric scanning on a mobile device.
- Entering a one-time password sent via SMS.
Digital Certificates
- Function similarly to driver's licenses, verifying the identity of the certificate holder.
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Classes of Digital Signature Certificates:
- Class 1: Issued to individuals and private subscribers, verifying email address or user name.
- Class 2: Issued to businesses and private individuals, verifying information provided in an application.
- Class 3: High-assurance certificates for e-commerce. Issued to individuals and organizations after physical verification by a CA.
Legal Aspects of Electronic Contracts Under Indian Law
- E-Contracts: Digitally signed contracts formed through electronic mediums.
- Recognized as valid contracts under the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
- Two key parties involved:
- Originator: Sends, generates, stores, or transmits data.
- Addressee: Intended recipient of the data.
- Advantages: reduced paperwork, reduced travel costs.
- Disadvantages: potential for fraud and difficulty proving authenticity.
Forms of E-Contracts
- Three main forms of E-contracts:
- Clickwrap: Acceptance through clicking a checkbox.
- Browsewrap: Acceptance through browsing a website.
- Shrinkwrap: Acceptance by opening a software package.
Data Protection Board of India (DPBI)
- Independent regulator that resolves privacy-related grievances and disputes.
- Determines non-compliance and imposes penalties.
- Appointment of the chief executive and board members made by the central government.
- Appeals against DPBI orders are handled by the High Court.
- No civil court has jurisdiction over matters related to the Act.
Digital Signature Act, 2000
- Aims to promote use of digital signatures for online transactions.
- Defines digital signatures and their characteristics.
- Establishes standards for digital signature authentication.
Legal Cases and Privacy
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Unique Identification Authority of India v. Central Bureau of Investigation (2014):
- The court upheld the constitutionality of the Aadhar, while also imposing restrictions to protect privacy.
- Established a balance between government objectives and individual privacy rights.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of digital signatures, including their components and the technologies behind them. Explore topics such as hash functions, public key cryptography, and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Test your knowledge on how digital signatures provide security and authenticity in electronic communications.
