Digital Products and ICT in Society

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Questions and Answers

What is primarily responsible for the borderless nature of digital products?

Their physical presence in the market

Their dependency on manual production processes

Their immaterial essence of 1s and 0s (correct)

Their reliance on tangible resources

Which factor is NOT highlighted as a benefit of information and communication technology (ICT)?

Increasing environmental degradation (correct)

Enhancing productivity

Improving living standards

Reducing poverty

What key contribution of management in the 21st century is emphasized by Drucker?

To maintain traditional manufacturing processes

To increase the productivity of knowledge work (correct)

To standardize knowledge across all sectors

To ensure job security for manual workers

What does the term 'creative destruction' refer to in the context of technology?

The continuous process of innovation disrupting existing markets Signup and view all the answers

According to Drucker, what pressing task is necessary for today's society regarding knowledge?

To teach individuals how to learn continuously Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a characteristic of digital products?

Expensive to produce initially Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as the most pressing challenge in modern knowledge management?

Constantly improving and challenging knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What metaphor is used to describe a frictionless economy?

A well-oiled machine Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the idea that old technologies can hinder companies' adaptation to new technologies?

Creative Destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following jobs did not exist a decade ago?

Telemedicine physician Signup and view all the answers

According to predictions in the past, what was believed to be unlikely to be successful?

Voice transmission over wires Signup and view all the answers

What correctly defines data in the context of business?

Raw facts without context Signup and view all the answers

What process turns data into information?

Contextualization Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of knowledge in the context of business?

To interpret information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles is considered a knowledge worker?

Product manager Signup and view all the answers

What should companies do to prepare for future technological changes?

Innovate within their industry Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of how data can be processed to provide information?

Calculating the average from survey results Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the top skills businesses will prioritize for 2027?

Cloud service management Signup and view all the answers

Which argument reflects a common misconception about technology's future?

New technology will eliminate old jobs completely Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect should organizations focus on regarding data management?

Managing data as a resource Signup and view all the answers

How can companies leverage new data combinations effectively?

By generating new opportunities Signup and view all the answers

Which prediction about computers was proven incorrect?

Five computers would be enough for everyone Signup and view all the answers

Which type of storage device is typically used for long-term data storage?

Block Storage Devices Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum storage capacity of a standard DVD?

9 GB (dual density) Signup and view all the answers

What type of expansion card is designed to enhance a computer's graphics capabilities?

Graphics Card Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a type of non-volatile storage?

Hard Disk Signup and view all the answers

How many bytes are typically needed to store a complete version of Shakespeare's works?

5 MB Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an embedded system?

A microcontroller-based system designed for specific tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common storage capacity range for USB flash storage devices?

32 MB to 512 GB Signup and view all the answers

Which programming concept is represented by a series of step-by-step instructions for a task?

Algorithm Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes high-level programming languages from low-level languages?

High-level languages are easier for humans to understand. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of optical storage devices compared to block storage devices?

Optical storage devices are generally slower. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding mobile devices is incorrect?

Tablet computers are generally smaller than smartphones. Signup and view all the answers

What function does a USB 3.0 expansion card serve?

To add support for faster USB devices. Signup and view all the answers

How much data can be stored in a single terabyte?

1,000 GB Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of performing a hardware upgrade on a computer?

To enhance performance or capacity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an expert system in medicine?

To mimic expert decisions based on patient data. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT one of the essential parts of an Information System?

Budgeting Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Transaction Processing System (TPS)?

It collects and processes data transactions for an enterprise. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Management Information Systems (MIS) is accurate?

They provide summary reports to aid middle management's decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What role do feedback mechanisms play in a system?

They help in modifying inputs based on outputs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Decision Support System (DSS) primarily used for?

Enhancing decision-making through data and models. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes 'Data' from 'Information'?

Data consists of raw facts, while information is processed data. Signup and view all the answers

Why are Transaction Processing Systems critical for businesses?

They can result in customer dissatisfaction if transactions are not captured. Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym DIKAR stand for in the context of information systems?

Data, Information, Knowledge, Action, Results. Signup and view all the answers

Which component connects computers to create effective networks?

Telecommunications/Networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of procedures in Information Systems?

To outline methods and rules for using the information system. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a system in general terms?

A collection of interconnected elements that process inputs to achieve goals. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of a system?

It exists independently of its environment. Signup and view all the answers

What key feature differentiates software from hardware?

Software consists of instructions that direct hardware actions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Executive Support Systems (ESS)?

To assist senior management in making strategic decisions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of a knowledge management system?

It supports the creation and dissemination of business knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What type of systems produce information needed by other organizational systems?

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily focused on enhancing competitive advantage through products and services?

Strategic Information Systems Signup and view all the answers

What does Information Management (IM) primarily aim to achieve in an organization?

To capture and deliver the right information to the right people at the right time. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is responsible for storing intermediate results during processing in a CPU?

Random Access Memory (RAM) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Control Unit (CU) of the CPU?

It controls the flow of data and operations within the computer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of output devices in a computer system?

To convert processed output into human-readable format. Signup and view all the answers

Which processing speed measurement equals one operation per second?

Hertz Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is focused on providing expert advice within a specific domain?

Expert Systems Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is used to store data in a permanent manner?

Secondary memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of integrating various information systems within an organization?

To enable easy information flow and provide an enterprise-wide view. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) in a CPU?

To perform arithmetic and logic operations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of primary memory?

Hard disk drive Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the transformation of old technologies impacting the adoption of new technologies?

Creative Destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which model emphasizes the hierarchy of understanding from data to wisdom?

DIKAR Model Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core component of an Information System?

Data Privacy Laws Signup and view all the answers

What type of system primarily supports decision-making processes?

Decision Support System Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic does NOT typically define a good quality information?

Complexity Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main characteristics of cloud computing?

Scalability and on-demand resources Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Porter's 5 Forces?

A model for analyzing competitive environments Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern associated with e-commerce?

Regulatory compliance and data security Signup and view all the answers

In the context of data analytics, what distinguishes big data from smart data?

Big data focuses on volume, while smart data emphasizes actionable insights Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the systems development phases?

Evaluation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Characteristics of Digital Products

Immateriality: Essentially 1s and 0s
Expensive to produce, close to zero cost to replicate
Borderless
Indestructible
Public Good: Use by one doesn't reduce availability to others

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

ICT is a key enabler of socioeconomic progress and development
Enhances productivity and economic growth, reduces poverty, and improves living standards
Revolutionizes production, market access, information sources, and social interactions

The Information Society

Drucker emphasizes the increased productivity of knowledge work and knowledge workers in the 21st century, similar to the 20th century's increase in manual worker productivity.
Learning is a lifelong process of adapting to change.
Knowledge must be constantly improved, challenged, and expanded to remain valuable.
Knowledge today controls access to opportunity and advancement.

Creative Destruction

Schumpeter's "gale of creative destruction" describes the process of industrial mutation, incessantly revolutionizing the economic structure.
Example: Cassette tapes replaced 8-track tapes, then compact discs, then downloads, now streaming services
Companies failing to adapt to new technologies may struggle.

Disruptive Technology: Famous Incorrect Predictions

Examples of predictions about the future of technology that turned out to be wrong.
- Locomotives travelling twice as fast as stagecoaches
- Horses outlasting cars
- Inability to transmit voice over wires
- Limited market for computers

Growth and Jobs

Algorithm appointed to a board highlights the change of industries by the internet.
Industries that have been destroyed and created in the last 10 years. Note: More SIM cards than people.
Language barriers reduced by instant translation.

"New" Jobs

Jobs that didn't exist a decade ago:
- Driverless car engineer
- Social Media Influencer
- Blockchain Analyst
- Cloud Service Specialist
- Podcast Producer
- Telemedicine Physician
- Cloud Architect
- Uber Driver
- Drone Operator
- Chief Listening Officer
- Big Data Scientist
- Contact Tracer

Businesses' Top 10 Skill Priorities for 2027

Source for data on future-proof skills. (Note: This is missing specific details from the original text.)

Data, Information, Knowledge

Data: Raw facts and figures
Information: Processed data in context, giving it meaning
Knowledge: Understanding of rules needed to correctly interpret information.
DIKAR Model: Data -> Information -> Knowledge -> Action -> Results

What is a System?

A system is a set of interacting elements working towards a goal.
Systems take inputs, transform them, and produce outputs.
Systems are separate from their environment.
Systems include subsystems.
Systems use feedback to control themselves.

Definition of Information Systems

A set of elements that collects, manipulates, disseminates data and information and provides feedback to meet an objective.
Often a department responsible for computers, networking, and data management.

Components of Information Systems

Hardware: Physical devices (monitors, processors, printers)
Software: Computer programs and manuals
People: Users and managers. (Most important)
Telecommunications/Networks: Enabling communication, linking computer systems
Data: Facts used for information.
Procedures: Strategies, policies, methods, and rules

Types of Information Systems

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): Collects, stores, modifies and retrieves transaction data. Critical for daily operations (sales orders, payroll, shipping).
Management Information Systems (MIS): Uses TPS data to create reports for routine business decisions.
Decision Support Systems (DSS): Helps decision makers use data, communications, and models to solve problems.
Executive Support Systems (ESS): Supports senior management with non-routine decision making using internal and external data.

Relationship of Systems to One Another

TPS are the main source of information for others.
Integrating these systems improves organizational performance.

Other Classifications of Information Systems

Expert systems: Knowledge-based systems for expert advice.
Knowledge management systems: Support knowledge creation and usage.
Strategic information systems: Provide competitive advantage.
Functional business systems: Support basic business functions.

Benefits of Information Systems

Businesses gather, store, manipulate, retrieve, and communicate information efficiently.
Enforces business rules.

Information Management (IM)

IM is the collection, management, and distribution of information.
Aims to deliver the right information to the right people at the right time.
Involves people, policies, technology, and data/information.
Supports effective operation

Information Management Strategy

Supports competitive and strategic operations.
Improves the ability to respond to environmental changes.
Promotes internal and external communication.
Can reduce costs through automation.

Processor Speed

Measured in Hertz (number of operations per second).
Typical CPU clock speeds range from 1 GHz to 5 GHz. Note: Upcoming 15th Gen Intel Processors will likely surpass 6 GHz.

Flow of Information

Bus: A communication system for transferring data between computer components.

Output Unit

Output devices (monitors, printers, etc.) convert output into human-readable format.

Memory

Primary memory (RAM, cache, ROM) for storage during processing.
Secondary memory for long-term storage (hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USBs, SSDs)

Storage

Storage capacity of various information objects, from characters to entire libraries.

Storage Devices

Block, Optical, and Flash Storage Devices
- Hard disks, CDs, DVDs, USB sticks, flash cards, SSDs.

Peripherals

Expansion cards (graphics, sound, network cards)
Additional expansion cards, including those for graphics, sound, and network functionality

Hardware Upgrades

Adding new hardware to improve performance, capacity, or features.

Embedded Systems

Computer hardware with embedded software.
Designed to perform specific tasks. (Examples: fire alarms, appliances)

Mobile Hardware

Provides efficiency on the move.
Wireless devices (mobile phones, tablets).

Mobile Devices

Smartphones, tablets, laptops, smartwatches are examples.

Computer Software

Consists of data, instructions (to act on data).
Software and hardware rely on each other.

Levels of Abstraction

Algorithms (step-by-step instructions).
High-level programming languages (closer to human language).
Low-level programming languages (machine code).

Programming Languages

Artificial languages designed to communicate instructions to computers.

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Description

Explore the defining characteristics of digital products and their impact on the information society. Understand how information and communication technology serves as a catalyst for socioeconomic development, enhancing productivity and access to opportunities. Delve into the concepts of creative destruction and the importance of continual knowledge advancement in today's economy.