Digital Logic and Flags Operations Quiz

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Questions and Answers

In the table provided, which of the following register banks corresponds to the RS1 = 1 and RS0 = 0 values?

10H - 17H (correct)

18H - 1FH

08H - 0FH

00H - 07H

What does the 'ADD' instruction do to the CY, P, AC, and OV flags based on the table provided?

The CY, AC, and OV flags are affected, but the P flag is not.

All flags are set to 1.

Only the P flag is affected.

The CY and OV flags are affected, but the P and AC flags are not.

All flags are set to 0.

The CY, P, AC, and OV flags are affected. (correct)

According to the given content, which of the following instructions DO NOT affect the Carry (CY) flag?

MUL (correct)

ADD

DIV (correct)

SUBB

From the provided content, which instruction sets the Carry (CY) flag to 1?

SETB C (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context provided, what might the 'OV' flag stand for?

Overflow (A) Signup and view all the answers

Identify the instruction used to set the Carry (CY) flag to 0 based on the provided content.

CLR C (C) Signup and view all the answers

If '38H' and '2FH' are added using the 'ADD' instruction, and the CY flag is set, what is the result of the addition (in hexadecimal)?

C8H (A) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided content, what could be a potential reason for the 'ADD' instruction affecting the Overflow (OV) flag?

The result of the addition operation exceeds the maximum value representable in the register. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hex equivalent of the decimal number 62910?

0x275 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the binary representation of the hex number 6B21?

0110 1011 0010 0001 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of the hex digits when adding 23D9 and 94BE?

B897 (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is a carry handled when the sum of hex digits exceeds 16?

Subtract 16 from the sum and carry over 1 to the next digit. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What decimal value does the hex number 275 represent?

62910 (B) Signup and view all the answers

While adding hex values, if the least significant digit's sum is less than 16, what is done?

The digit is written as the sum for that position. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What binary representation corresponds to the decimal number 171410?

11110111101 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in hex addition when two digits are added?

Add the digits together from least significant digits. (B) Signup and view all the answers

After executing the instruction 'MOV SP, #5FH', what does the stack pointer (SP) equal?

5FH (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the stack and register bank 1 once the 8051 microcontroller powers up?

They use the same memory space. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial value of the stack pointer (SP) before any PUSH operations are performed?

5FH (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does executing 'PUSH 2' affect the stack content in the first memory location after the operation?

It will contain 2. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What will the content of memory location 60H be after executing the movements of the values R2 and R1?

25H (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the stack initially allocated in RAM after setting SP to 5FH?

At the memory address 60H. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instructions directly decreases the value of stack pointer (SP)?

PUSH 1 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What value will be present in memory location 62H after executing 'PUSH 4'?

0F3H (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the instruction 'MOV SP, #XX' in the context of stack management?

To change the stack pointer to a different RAM location (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the stack pointer (SP) after executing a PUSH instruction?

It is incremented (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following registers will be populated after executing 'POP 3' if the initial stack pointer is 0B?

R3 will have the value 76H (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the stack to grow towards RAM location 7FH?

To prevent overlap with other types of memory (C) Signup and view all the answers

What will be the value of R2 after executing 'POP 2' when the stack pointer is at 08?

F9H (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of CALL instructions, what does the CPU store on the stack?

The address to return to after the subroutine (B) Signup and view all the answers

If the stack pointer were decremented after a PUSH operation, what effect would that have?

The stack would shift into lower RAM addresses (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the MOV instruction do in assembly language?

It copies a source operand into a destination operand. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a value is a direct value to be loaded in assembly language?

It is preceded by '#'. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if a value larger than 8 bits is moved into a register?

An error will occur. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of assembly language compared to high-level programming languages?

Assembly language directly manipulates CPU operations. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of steps to create an 8051 assembly program?

Edit, assemble, link, convert to hex. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'ORG' directive do in an assembly language program?

It sets the starting memory address for the program. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In assembly instructions, which part is optional?

Comment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of file is produced after the assembly process that includes the opcode and addresses?

LST file (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of the program counter in the 8051 architecture?

It directs the flow of program execution. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the program counter after the 8051 is powered on?

It points to the address 0H. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What must happen before the object file can be used in the 8051 environment?

It must be linked. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assembly instructions is valid?

MOV A, R0 (A), ADD A, #12H (D) Signup and view all the answers

What information does a list file typically provide?

Memory addresses and detected errors. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a programmer writes 'MOV A, #5', what will be the binary representation in register A?

0000 0101 (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers?

Microcontrollers are generally smaller and less expensive than general-purpose microprocessors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the HALT instruction in the given text?

To prevent the CPU from executing further instructions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of address 1406 in the given text?

It is the address of the next instruction to be executed. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, what can we infer about the 8051 Microcontroller?

It is ideal for embedded systems and applications. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component commonly found in a microcontroller?

Hard disk drive (HDD) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes microcontrollers from general-purpose microprocessors?

Microcontrollers are integrated with memory and I/O, while general-purpose microprocessors require external components. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are microcontrollers commonly used in embedded systems?

They are smaller, more energy-efficient, and often less expensive, making them ideal for devices with limited resources. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a microcontroller's CPU?

To execute the program instructions stored in the microcontroller's memory. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Book Cover Information

Book title: The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems
Authors: Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi
Publisher: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
A second edition is mentioned

8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems (Page 2)

Book title: The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems
Chapters covered include Introduction to Computing, The 8051 Microcontrollers, 8051 Assembly Language Programming, Branch Instructions, I/O Port Programming, 8051 Addressing Modes, Arithmetic & Logic Instructions and Programs, 8051 Programming in C, 8051 Hardware Connection and Hex File, 8051 Timer/Counter Programming, 8051 Serial Port Programming, Interrupts Programming, 8051 Interfacing to External Memory, 8051 Real-World Interfacing (LCD, ADC, etc...), and Interfacing with 8255.
Also, topics concerning sensors, LCD, and keyboard interfacing are addressed.

Introduction to Computing (Page 3)

Authors: Mazidi, Mazidi, and McKinlay
Course presenter: Chung-Ping Young
Topics include numbering and coding systems, digital primer, and inside the computer.

Numbering and Coding Systems (Page 5)

Human beings use base 10 (decimal) arithmetic.
Computers use base 2 (binary) system
Binary digits are commonly referred to as bits

Converting from Decimal to Binary (Page 6)

To convert a decimal number to binary: repeatedly divide the decimal number by 2, keep track of the remainders, continue this process until the quotient becomes zero, and write the remainders in reverse order.
Example: 2510 = 110012

Converting from Binary to Decimal (Page 7)

To convert a binary number to decimal: know the weight of each bit in a binary number and add them together.
Example: 110012 = 2510

Hexadecimal System (Page 8)

Base 16, the hexadecimal system, is used as a convenient representation of binary numbers .
Example conversion: 0 = 0000, 1 = 0001, 2 = 0010, 9 = 1001

Converting between Binary and Hex (Page 9)

To represent a binary number as its equivalent hexadecimal number. Start from the right and group 4 bits at a time, replacing each 4-bit binary number with its hex equivalent.
Example: 100111110101 in hex is 9 F 5
To convert from hex to binary: Each hex digit is replaced with its 4-bit binary equivalent.
Example: 29B in binary is 0010 1001 1011

Converting from Decimal to Hex (Page 10)

Convert to binary first and then convert to hex
Convert directly from decimal to hex by repeated division, keeping track of the remainders

Converting from Hex to Decimal (Page 11)

Convert from hex to binary and then to decimal
Convert directly from hex to decimal by summing the weight of all digits

Addition of Hex Numbers (Page 12)

Adding the digits together from the least significant digits. If the result is less than 16, write that digit as the sum for that position. If it is greater than 16, subtract 16 from it to get the digit and carry 1 to the next digit.
Example: 23D9 + 94BE = B897

Subtraction of Hex Numbers (Page 13)

If the second digit is greater than the first, borrow 16 from the preceding digit

ASCII Code (Page 14)

The ASCII code assigns binary patterns to numbers 0-9, letters of the English alphabet (uppercase and lowercase) and punctuation marks.
The ASCII system uses 7 bits to represent each code.
Example: A = 41, a = 61, Z= 5A, z= 7A

Digital Primer - Binary Logic (Page 15)

Two voltage levels can be represented as 0 and 1.
Signals in digital electronics have two distinct voltage levels with built-in tolerances for variations in voltage. A valid digital signal should be within either of the two shaded areas.

Logic Gates (Page 16)

AND gate: X = A • B
OR gate: X = A + B
Tri-state buffer
Inverter: X=A'
XOR gate: X=A⊕B
NAND gate: X = (A • B)'
NOR gate

Logic Design Using Gates (Pages 17-18)

Half Adder
Full Adder
4-bit adder

Decoders (Page 19)

Decoders are widely used for address decoding in computer design

Flip-flops (Page 20)

Flip-flops are frequently used to store data.

Important Terminology (Page 21)

Bit (binary digit which can be 0 or 1)
Byte (8 bits)
Nibble (4 bits)
Word (2 bytes, or 16 bits)
Kilobyte (K) (210 bytes over 1 thousand)
Megabyte (M) (220 bytes over 1 million)
Gigabyte (G) (230 bytes over 1 billion)
Terabyte (T) (240 bytes/over a trillion)

Internal Organization of Computers (Pages 22-24)

CPU(Central Processing Unit) executes information in memory.
I/O (input-output) devices provide a way to communicate with the CPU..
Memory is temporary storage for programs and data during computer operation.
RAM (temporary storage for programs and data when computer is running, lost when turned off).
ROM (contains instructions and data essential for computer operation).

Inside The Computer - More About Data Bus (Page 26)

The more data buses available, the better the CPU
More data buses mean a more expensive CPU and computer
The average size of data buses in CPUs varies between 8 and 64
Data buses are bidirectional (can receive or send data)
The processing power of a computer is related to the size of its buses

Inside The Computer - More About Address Bus (Page 27)

The more address buses available, the larger the number of devices that can be addressed
The number of locations a CPU can access is equal to 2x, where x is the number of address lines, regardless of the data bus size
Each location can hold a maximum of 1 byte of data in a general-purpose CPU.

CPU's Relation to RAM and ROM (Page 28)

The process for the CPU to process information is to retrieve the data needed in RAM or ROM.
ROM contains fixed and permanent information and tables.
RAM contains information that can potentially change with time.
The CPU first accesses information in RAM or ROM, and if information is not found, it seeks from secondary storage and transfers it to RAM.

Registers (Pages 29-30)

CPU uses registers to store information temporarily
Values to be processed
Address of values to be fetched from memory
Registers range from 8-bit to 64-bit but larger registers are more expensive
Example of some registers are the flags, ALU, Program counter, Instruction register, instruction decoder, timing and control components.

ALU (arithmetic/logic unit) (Page 31)

Performs arithmetic functions (add, subtract, multiply, and divide), and logical functions (AND, OR, NOT).
A CPU capable of executing more instructions require more transistors to design.

Internal Working of Computers (Pages 32-37)

The actions performed by the CPU are explained in context of putting specific values into different registers and operations.

8051 Microcontrollers (Page 40)

The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C
Authors: Mazidi, Mazidi, and McKinlay
Course presenter: Chung-Ping Young
General-purpose microprocessors.

General-purpose vs. Microcontroller (Pages 41-44)

General-purpose microprocessors (like Intel x86) do not have built-in memory or I/O ports, requiring add-on modules which makes the system more complex and expensive
Microcontrollers (like the 8051 family) on the other hand do have RAM, ROM, and I/O ports on the chip

Microcontrollers for Embedded Systems (Pages 45-47)

An embedded product uses a single microprocessor to perform a single task.
As opposed to a general-purpose computer, an embedded product is designed for single task operations, using limited resources.
Examples: home appliances, office machines, and automobiles.

Choosing a Microcontroller (Page 49)

8-bit: Motorola's 6811, Intel's 8051, Zilog's Z8, Microchip's PIC
16- and 32-bit microcontrollers also exist

Criteria for Choosing a Microcontroller (Page 50)

Availability, wide availability, reliability of the microcontroller, diversified suppliers (Intel, Atmel)
Speed, packaging, power consumption, the amount of RAM and ROM are significant considerations for use in embedded systems

Overview of the 8051 family (Page 52)

Introduced by Intel in 1981, called the MCS-51.
It is an 8-bit processor.
128 bytes of RAM
4kb of on-chip ROM
Two timers
One serial Port
Four I/O ports (each 8-bits wide)

8051 Architecture (Page 53)

Includes the CPU, OSC, and other components wired in a bus structure

Various 8051 Microcontrollers (Pages 54-56)

8751 microcontroller (UV-EPROM)
AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation (Flash)
DS89C4x0 from Maxim Corp (Flash)
Others such as DS5000 with NV-RAM (non-volatile random access memory) and RTC (real-time clock) and OTP (one-time programmable)

8051 Assembly Language Programming (Page 57)

Registers are used to store information temporarily.
The 8 bits of a register are shown from MSB D7 to the LSB D0.
Any data larger than 8 bits must be broken into 8-bit chunks before processing.

MOV Instruction (Pages 61-62)

MOV destination, source; copy source to dest.
Instruction that tells the CPU to move (or copy) the source operand to the destination operand.
Some values use a # and indicate that value is a value as opposed to a location in memory.

ADD Instruction (Page 63)

ADD A, source; adds the source operand to the accumulator
The source operand can be a register or immediate data

8051 Assembly Language Programming (Page 64)

In the early days of the computer, programmers coded in machine language.
Assembly languages use mnemonics for machine instructions.
An assembly program consists of a series of assembly language instructions and directives.

Assembly Language Instruction (Page 65)

Assembly language instruction includes a mnemonic, the commands to the CPU, telling it what to do with items, possibly followed by one or two operands, the data items being manipulated
A given assembly language program consists of a series of statements, or lines
Assembly language instructions tell the CPU what to do.

An Assembly Language Instruction (Page 66)

An assembly language instruction consists of four fields: [label:] Mnemonic [operands] [;comment]

Assembling and Running an 8051 Program (Page 67)

Steps to assembling and running an 8051 program in sequence, including using an editor, assembler, linker, and an object hex converter.

1st File (Page 71)

List all the opcodes and addresses used.
Programmers can use the ist file to find the syntax errors.

Program Counter and ROM Space (Pages 72-78)

The program counter points to the address of the next instruction to be executed.
All 8051 members start at memory address 0000 when they are powered up.
The program counter is a 16-bit register.
The 8051 can access 64K addresses and 64K bytes

8051 Data Types and Directives (Page 79)

The DB directive is used to define 8-bit data.
The ORG directive is used to indicate the beginning of an address.
The number following ORG can be decimal or hex.
The END directive indicates the end of the source file.

8051 Data Types and Directives - Extra Information (Pages 80-83)

• The EQU (equate) directive assigns a symbolic name to a constant value in a program. • The Equate directive has these steps: The assembler determines the value of the label and substitutes it for any future mention of the label in your program.

Flag bits and PSW Register (Pages 84-89)

Program Status Word (PSW) register is an 8 bit register used in arithmetic and other operation.
Example of operations of the PSW register that are affected during ADD operations
Example operations of PSW register that are affected during different types of operation

Register Banks and Stack (Pages 90-95)

The 8051 has 128 bytes of RAM
Addresses 00H-1FH are reserved for register banks of R0-R7 and the stack
Addresses 20H-2FH are for bit-addressable memory
30H-7FH are reserved for scratchpad

Pushing Onto the Stack (Page 98)

A program can store registers to the stack and retrive them.
The stack pointer(SP) is the register used to track the last used location, therefore as you place data onto the stack the SP is incremented every time.

Popping From the Stack (Page 99)

The process for retrieving items placed on the stack is retrieving the data currently at the top of the stack.
The stack pointer(SP) is decremented after each retrieval

Jump, Loop, and Call Instructions (Page 104)

Repeating a set of instructions a certain number of times is called a loop
The DJNZ reg, Label instruction will decrement the register given by 'reg' and jump to the instruction 'label' if the register value is not 0.
Nested loop refers to when a loop instruction is inside a loop.
We can use JZ instruction to jump to an instruction if the contents of register A is equal to 0.

Jump Instructions (Pages 107-108)

Jump only if a condition is met
The JZ instruction will jump to a certain address if the contents of register A is 0.
JNC instructions will jump to a certain address if there is no overflow.

Call Instructions (Pages 113-114)

Call instructions are used to call subroutines
When a subroutine is called the address of the instruction below the CALL instruction is saved in the stack.

Calculating Short Jump Address (Page 115)

The second byte is added to the PC (Program Counter) of the jump instruction.

Assembling and Running an 8051 Program (Pages 111-112-115)

Describes the assembly and execution steps of an 8051 program, including using an editor, assembler, and other tools.

Time Delay for Various 8051 Chips (Page 121)

CPU execution of an instruction takes a certain number of clock cycles that are referred to as machine cycles.

Time Delay Calculation for Other 8051 (Cont.) (Page 122)

Explains how to calculate machine cycles using the clock frequency with a particular set of instructions.

Timing Delay calculation for other 8051 (cont.) (Page 123-125 )

The use of calculation of frequency cycle with the appropriate values of A, R5 to calculate time delays in milliseconds.
The duration of a machine cycle depends on the clock frequency of the crystal, which might vary depending on the specific 8051 chip used

Interfacing to ADC and Sensors (Page 129), LCD and Keyboard Interfacing (Page 135), Various 8051 Microcontroller (Page 138)

This section covers different aspects of interfacing to various devices such as LCDs, keyboard, ADCs, and sensors.

8051 Data Types And Directives (Page 157)

Immediate, register, direct, register indirect, and indexed modes are used to access data.

SFR Registers and Their Addresses (Pages 163-165)

Instructions can access memory or registers via their names, or their actual memory addresses
Example of SFR addresses and names of several registers commonly used, such as: ACC, B, PSW, SP, DPTR, DPL, DPH, P0, P1.

Interfacing to external RAM (Pages 166-172)

The MOVX (move extended) instruction is used to access data outside of the internal memory.

Indexed Addressing Mode and On-Chip ROM Access (Pages 173-174)

The MOV instruction allows accessing data in a look-up table stored in the program ROM.

RAM Locations 30 -7FH as Scratch Pad (Pages 177-177)

The use of RAM locations ranges 30H through 7FH, called the scratchpad, as temporary storage in 8051 programming

8051 Data Types and Directives (Pages 188-194)

Explains how to write and use 8051 programs and using various data types in the program-such as flags, values, data types and other important features.

Arithmetic and Logic Instructions and Programs (Pages 195-202)

The ADD instruction is used to add two operands
The destination operand is the register A.
The source operand can be a register, an immediate data value , or a memory location
DA instruction corrects for addition problems with BCD (Binary coded decimal).
Example: Adding two 8-bit BCD numbers.

Subtraction of Unsigned Numbers (Pages 204-206)

Using 2s complement operation and bit-wise inversion of the subrahand will yield a result which can then be used for bit-wise addition to produce the correct subtracted result
The SUBB instruction takes account of any carry

Unsigned Multiplication (Page 207)

The MUL instruction performs byte by byte multiplication.
16-bit result is placed in the B, and A registers.

Unsigned Division (Page 208)

The DIV instruction performs byte by byte division to yield the quotient, and the remainder.

Application for DIV (Page 209)

Instructions to convert hex data from port I to decimal data

Signed 8-bit Operands (Pages 210-211)

The 8 bits of a register are shown as MSB D7 to LSB D0 and a bit for the sign, if D7=0 its a positive number otherwise its negative.
The method of calculating 2's complement for a signed number is provided
Showing how to represent -34H

Overflow Problem (Page 212)

Describing what occurs when arithmetic results (sums and subtractions) in 8-bit processors exceeds the representation range
Example showing how the overflow problem can occur in computation.

OV Flag (Pages 213-214)

Describing the overflow flag (bit) which must be monitored by the programmer so as not to exceed the 8-bit limitation (0-255)

2's Complement (Page 216)

Describes and shows the calculation, for obtaining the 2's complement of a number
Example: 1's complement of 55H is AAH, add 1 to get 2's complement

Logic and Compare Instructions (Pages 217-220, 222)

AND ( & ), OR ( | ),EX-OR( ^ ), Inverter ( ~ ),SHIFT RIGHT ( >> ), and Shift Left ( << )
The specific instruction CJNE will compare two operands and jump if they don't equal-otherwise they are the same and the jump wont be made.
The Instruction JNC will jump to an instruction if there is no carry over from the previous operation.

Unconditional Jump Instructions(Page 225)

LJMP (long jump) 3-byte instruction (any memory location from 0000 to FFFFH)
SJMP (short jump) 2-byte instruction (relative target address 00 to FFH from current PC)

Calculating Short Jump Address (Page 226)

How to calculate the target address of a short jump

Other Widely Used Decoders (Page 229):

Programmable logic chips are other decoders for specific combinations of address ranges

Overview of the 8051 family (Page 231 - 232):

The information on the different kinds of 8051 microcontrollers.

I/O Programming (Pages 251-275):

Describes how to program input/output ports of 8051s
Provides details for different modes and associated instructions
Addresses the programming of ports for input, output, and bidirectional operation, for use as scratchpads.

Data Types (Pages 247-254):

A discussion on various data types used in programming the 8051 including, their usage, advantages, and limitations concerning RAM capacity

Time Delay (Pages 255-260):

Calculating the time delays in ms

I/O Programming: Bit-addressable I/O (Pages 266-273):

Programming 8051 using various data types
Addresses the programming of ports for input

I/O Programming: Bit Operations (Pages 275-291)

Programming of various data types in 8051 programs from ASCII to BCD and other conversions

Interfacing External ROM (Pages 291-295 -305)

Discusses interfacing the 8051 to external ROM.
The 8031 architecture is designed for accessing memory from external resources, since it does not have ROM on the chip.
Explains how to implement address and data paths.

Programming the 8255 (Pages 565-575):

Describes the 8255 features, how to interface to the 8051, how to program the 8255 in Mode 1, and example programming, using the 8255 as an address decoder for external devices as well as interfacing 8051 to external memory

8255 Address Aliases (Pages 581-590):

Discusses the 8255's address aliases.
Explains how to use a logical gate to decode addresses.

Interfacing to External ROM (Pages 505-517):

Discusses the different types of ROM, how they work, why different options exist, and their applications

8051 Data Memory Space-Interfacing to Large External Memory (pages 520-517):

Discusses how to access large amounts of RAM memory using the MOVX instruction.
Provides methods and diagrams for using external memory addressing

Real-World Interfacing I - LCD, ADC, and Sensors (Page 528)

Discusses use and interfacing to LCD and keyboard devices, including types of LCD addressing
Includes a table of LCD commands and a diagram showing pin connections

Serial Communication (Pages 358-401)

A discussion on the various features and programming of serial communication in the 8051, including baud rates, different protocols, and types of communication

Interrupt Programming (Pages 418-473)

Explores various methods for working with interrupts in 8051 type microcontrollers including different types of interrupts, Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs), and how to disable/enable interrupts using assembly or C.
Also, specific examples of programming timer and external interrupts are provided.

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Test your understanding of digital logic, particularly focusing on register banks, flag operations in instructions, and hexadecimal arithmetic. This quiz includes questions on the Carry and Overflow flags, as well as conversions between decimal, hex, and binary formats. Challenge yourself to understand how different instructions interact with flags and register values.